05 Islamic beliefs and their individual and social implications

Qur’anic evidence • Complete ayah

“Say: He is Allah, the One!”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Ikhlas (112), ayah 1.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: A concise confessional text of divine oneness. Social implications such as accountability to one God are interpretive applications, not the ayah’s literal wording.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“Allah! There is no deity save Him, the Alive, the Eternal.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Baqarah (2), ayah 255.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The opening of Ayat al-Kursi combines exclusive worship with divine life and self-subsistence. Later clauses develop knowledge and preservation.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“Naught is as His likeness; and He is the Hearer, the Seer.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Shura (42), ayah 11.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Affirms divine incomparability together with hearing and seeing. Theological schools differ over some explanatory terminology; no school-specific mechanism is inserted here.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“Each one believeth in Allah and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Baqarah (2), ayah 285.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: A compact list of four interconnected objects of faith. The continuation links belief with hearing, obedience and seeking forgiveness.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“he verily hath wandered far astray.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Nisa (4), ayah 136.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The condition is denial of Allah, His angels, scriptures, messengers or the Last Day. The earlier address also commands fidelity to revelation, including earlier scripture.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“but he is the messenger of Allah and the Seal of the Prophets;”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Ahzab (33), ayah 40.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: A foundational passage for the doctrine of finality of prophethood; its immediate setting also concerns the Prophet’s relation to adult men in the community.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Complete ayah

“And whoso doeth good an atom's weight will see it then,”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Zalzalah (99), ayah 7.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Connects accountability in the Hereafter with the smallest good deed; an argument for taking apparently minor conduct seriously.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“but it is in a Book before we bring it into being”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Hadid (57), ayah 22.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The subject is affliction on earth or in oneself. The passage grounds belief in divine prior knowledge; it does not cancel human responsibility or preventive action.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“Lo! Allah changeth not the condition of a folk until they (first) change that which is in their hearts;”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Rad (13), ayah 11.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Read alongside divine decree, this text prevents a purely passive account of human conduct. The translators’ differing renderings of the condition should be retained, not silently harmonised.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“and when His revelations are recited unto them they increase their faith,”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Anfal (8), ayah 2.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Describes responsiveness to revelation rather than belief as an inert label. The verse also associates this response with awe and reliance on God.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“The one to whom Allah and His Apostle becomes dearer than anything else.”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Belief, hadith 16; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Anas ibn Malik.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: One of three qualities linked with the sweetness of faith; the others concern loving for Allah and aversion to return to disbelief.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih al-Bukhari; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“Anybody who believes in Allah and the Last Day should not harm his neighbor,”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Good Manners, hadith 6018; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The same report adds hospitality and good speech or silence. It explicitly connects creed with observable treatment of others.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih al-Bukhari; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Definition / argument

Verify: Arabic / English · Urdu

Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“and the humblest of which is the, removal of what is injurious from the path:”

Source: Sahih Muslim, Faith, hadith 35b; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The report places testimony of divine unity, removing harm and modesty among faith’s branches. The variant “over seventy or over sixty” is preserved rather than forced into one exact number.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih Muslim; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Definition / argument

Verify: Arabic / English · Urdu

Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“and there is good in everyone,”

Source: Sahih Muslim, Destiny, hadith 2664; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The report contrasts stronger and weaker believers while affirming good in both; it then commands pursuit of benefit and divine help before acceptance of what occurs. Qadar is not presented as inactivity.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih Muslim; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“for there is good in every affair of his”

Source: Sahih Muslim, Asceticism and Softening of Hearts, hadith 2999; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Suhayb.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The report explains its claim through gratitude in prosperity and patience in adversity. It describes a faithful response, not an assertion that every painful event is pleasant.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih Muslim; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“but He looks to your heart and to your deeds.”

Source: Sahih Muslim, Virtue and Maintaining Kinship, hadith 2564c; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The opening contrasts appearance and wealth with hearts and deeds. The passage does not make outward conduct irrelevant, because deeds are expressly included.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih Muslim; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Definition / argument

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Ibn Kathir connects the change of a community’s condition with a change in obedience and conduct through transmitted explanations. He explicitly calls one raised report unusual and states that its chain contains a person unknown to him.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim; commentary on 13:11. King Saud University digital Quran project.

Relevance / context: The interpretive connection is usable; the flagged report is not added to the authenticated Hadith count.

Status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. Attribution verified; interpretation is not classified as a Hadith. Print pagination not asserted.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verify: Source passage

Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Qurtubi argues that shared words used for God and creatures do not imply identity in the reality of their attributes. His exposition maintains divine transcendence while affirming the revealed names and attributes.

Source: Al-Qurtubi, Al-Jami li-ahkam al-Quran; commentary on 42:11. King Saud University digital Quran project.

Relevance / context: An attributed theological interpretation; it should not erase differences of method among Muslim theological schools.

Status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. Attribution verified; interpretation is not classified as a Hadith. Print pagination not asserted.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verify: Source passage

Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Sadi links belief in God, angels, scriptures and messengers with hearing and obeying. He explains the request for forgiveness through human shortcoming and the return to God through recompense for deeds.

Source: Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman; commentary on 2:285. King Saud University digital Quran project.

Relevance / context: Connects the articles of faith to humility and accountability rather than treating them as an isolated list.

Status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. Attribution verified; interpretation is not classified as a Hadith. Print pagination not asserted.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verify: Source passage

Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Sadi reads the verse as teaching the comprehensiveness of divine decree and the prior recording of events. God makes this known so people can interpret what befalls them within that belief.

Source: Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman; commentary on 57:22. King Saud University digital Quran project.

Relevance / context: This passage establishes the belief’s interpretive function; it does not itself instruct people to abandon effort.

Status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. Attribution verified; interpretation is not classified as a Hadith. Print pagination not asserted.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verify: Source passage

Classical or modern scholarship • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Iqbal defends the ego’s capacity for directed, responsible action against a purely mechanical account of consciousness. He relates regular prayer to the renewal of self-possession amid habit and daily business.

Source: Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, Lecture IV, “The Human Ego—His Freedom and Immortality”; discussion of ego-activity, freedom and daily prayer. International Iqbal Society digital transcription.

Relevance / context: His philosophical treatment of agency is not a claim that all Muslim theological schools formulate free will identically.

Status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. Attribution verified; interpretation is not classified as a Hadith. Print pagination not asserted.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verify: Source passage