02. Tawhid: purpose, unity and responsibility

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Ikhlas (112), ayah 1.

Published English excerpt: Say, "He is Allah, [who is] One,

Translations / status: Sahih International (English); Fateh Muhammad Jalandhari (Urdu). Arabic and both excerpts checked at the links below.

Relevance: Tawhid supplies the chapter’s theological foundation. Social consequences require argument; they are not all stated in this single verse.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Arabic / Jalandhari | Sahih International

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Anbiya (21), ayah 25.

Published English excerpt: There is no deity except Me, so worship Me.

Translations / status: Sahih International (English); Fateh Muhammad Jalandhari (Urdu). Arabic and both excerpts checked at the links below.

Relevance: The verse links successive messengers through worship of God alone, grounding continuity of religious purpose rather than uniformity of every historical custom.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Arabic / Jalandhari | Sahih International

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Anam (6), ayah 162.

Published English excerpt: are for Allah, Lord of the worlds.

Translations / status: Sahih International (English); Fateh Muhammad Jalandhari (Urdu). Arabic and both excerpts checked at the links below.

Relevance: A life directed to God extends commitment beyond isolated rituals. This provides a normative orientation for character and community life.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Arabic / Jalandhari | Sahih International

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Dhariyat (51), ayah 56.

Published English excerpt: except to worship Me.

Translations / status: Sahih International (English); Fateh Muhammad Jalandhari (Urdu). Arabic and both excerpts checked at the links below.

Relevance: Worship is the stated purpose of human and jinn creation. Connecting worship with civilizational ethics requires the wider evidence below.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Arabic / Jalandhari | Sahih International

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah (2), ayah 30.

Published English excerpt: Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority.

Translations / status: Sahih International (English); Fateh Muhammad Jalandhari (Urdu). Arabic and both excerpts checked at the links below.

Relevance: The translations interpret khalifah differently. Do not equate this verse, without further argument, with a particular modern constitutional arrangement.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Arabic / Jalandhari | Sahih International

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Anam (6), ayah 165.

Published English excerpt: that He may try you through what He has given you.

Translations / status: Sahih International (English); Fateh Muhammad Jalandhari (Urdu). Arabic and both excerpts checked at the links below.

Relevance: Differences in resources are framed as a test of responsibility, not a license for arrogance or injustice.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Arabic / Jalandhari | Sahih International

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 8; Belief, Book 2.

Narrator: Abdullah ibn Umar.

Published English excerpt: Islam is based on (the following) five (principles):

Grade: Sahih; included in the named Sahih collection.

Text sources: Arabic / English / numbering: Sunnah.com. Published Urdu translation not verified; no substitute translation supplied.

Relevance: The full report enumerates testimony, prayer, zakat, pilgrimage and Ramadan fasting. Their civilizational effects are applications, not additional pillars.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Source passage

Source: Sahih Muslim, no. 55a; Faith, Book 1; chapter 23.

Narrator: Tamim al-Dari.

Published English excerpt: The Religion is sincerity.

Grade: Sahih; included in the named Sahih collection.

Text sources: Arabic / English / numbering: Sunnah.com. Published Urdu translation not verified; no substitute translation supplied.

Relevance: The continuation names God, scripture, the Messenger, Muslim leaders and the public. It connects religious sincerity with communal responsibilities.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Source passage

Source: Syed Abul A‘la Maududi; Tafhim al-Quran.

Locator: Al-Baqarah 2:30, note 38.

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Maududi understands khalifah as a deputy exercising delegated powers subject to the authority and purposes of the one who appoints him.

Access / status: English Tafhim commentary reproduced on SurahQuran inspected; compiler’s bilingual paraphrase. Printed edition and translation credits were not independently established.

Relevance: This is Maududi’s interpretation; it does not itself specify one modern constitutional arrangement.

Related evidence: Reference 026.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Source passage

Source: Syed Abul A‘la Maududi; Tafhim al-Quran.

Locator: Al-Dhariyat 51:56, note 53.

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: The purpose of human and jinn worship is explained in relation to voluntary obedience, distinguished from creation’s unavoidable subjection to God.

Access / status: English Tafhim commentary reproduced on SurahQuran inspected; compiler’s bilingual paraphrase. Printed edition and translation credits were not independently established.

Relevance: Connects theological purpose with morally responsible choice.

Related evidence: Reference 025.

Best use: foundation / argument.

Verify: Source passage