6. Administrative system

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nisa (4), ayah(s) 58. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Lo! Allah commandeth you that ye restore deposits to their owners, and, if ye judge between mankind, that ye judge justly. Lo! comely is this which Allah admonisheth you. Lo! Allah is ever Hearer, Seer.

Relevance / context: Combines performance of trusts with impartial judgment. Treating public office as a trust is a juristic application of this broad wording. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Qasas (28), ayah(s) 26. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): One of the two women said: O my father! Hire him! For the best (man) that thou canst hire in the strong, the trustworthy.

Relevance / context: The immediate setting is the hiring of Moses. The paired qualities provide a commonly applied recruitment principle, not a complete modern civil-service examination scheme. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah Yusuf (12), ayah(s) 55. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): He said: Set me over the storehouses of the land. Lo! I am a skilled custodian.

Relevance / context: Joseph identifies relevant qualifications for a specific responsibility. Reconciliation with Hadith warnings against seeking office is a juristic question, not a reason to suppress either text. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nisa (4), ayah(s) 83. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): And if any tidings, whether of safety or fear, come unto them, they noise it abroad, whereas if they had referred it to the messenger and to such of them as are in authority, those among them who are able to think out the matter would have known it.

Relevance / context: Contrasts indiscriminate dissemination with informed referral and inference. It is not a blanket textual authorization to suppress criticism or lawful complaints. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Hashr (59), ayah(s) 18. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O ye who believe! Observe your duty to Allah. And let every soul look to that which it sendeth on before for the morrow. And observe your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah is Informed of what ye do.

Relevance / context: The direct horizon is accountability in the Hereafter. Using it to motivate institutional review is an ethical application, not a literal command to adopt a particular audit technique. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Anfal (8), ayah(s) 27. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O ye who believe! Betray not Allah and His messenger, nor knowingly betray your trusts.

Relevance / context: Prohibits knowing betrayal of trusts. Application to public office is an ethical application; a detailed criminal definition needs additional legal evidence. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Saff (61), ayah(s) 2-3. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O ye who believe! Why say ye that which ye do not? It is most hateful in the sight of Allah that ye say that which ye do not.

Relevance / context: An ethical standard for promises and implementation, relevant to official undertakings without being a technical administrative procedure. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 69; Book: Knowledge. Narrator: Anas ibn Malik. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Facilitate things to people (concerning religious matters), and do not make it hard for them

Relevance / context: The report also calls for encouraging rather than alienating people. Its administrative use is an application of a teaching principle. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2465; Book: Oppressions. Narrator: Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: refraining from harming people, returning greetings,

Relevance / context: The full answer includes lowering the gaze and enjoining good and forbidding wrong. Urban regulation is a contemporary application, not the report’s explicit administrative form. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 7149; Book: Judgments. Narrator: Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: We do not assign the authority of ruling to those who ask for it,

Relevance / context: The complete response also mentions eagerness for office. Read alongside Qur’an 12:55; reconciling specific circumstances is a juristic task. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih Muslim, no. 1825; Book: Government. Narrator: Abu Dharr. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih Muslim (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: authority is a trust.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The complete report conditions deliverance from the burden of office on fulfilling its rights and responsibilities. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 7198; Book: Judgments. Narrator: Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: A group advising him to do good and exhorts him to do it,

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The full report contrasts this counsel with advisers urging evil. It supports examining advice ethically without treating every adviser as virtuous or corrupt. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 7174; Book: Judgments. Narrator: Abu Humayd al-Sa‘idi. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Why didn't he stay at his father's and mother's house to see whether he will be given gifts or not?

Relevance / context: A zakat collector distinguishes official receipts from gifts to himself; the Prophet challenges whether the gifts would exist without the appointment. The Arabic access panel was checked separately. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih Muslim, no. 102; Book: Faith. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih Muslim (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: He who deceives is not of me (is not my follower).

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The Prophet inspects a food heap and finds concealed wetness. This supplies a concrete market-supervision precedent; the rebuke is not an automatic ruling of disbelief. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 1395; Book: Zakat. Narrator: Ibn Abbas. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: it is to be taken from the wealthy among them and given to the poor.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The instructions to Muadh in Yemen place zakat collection and delivery within a sequence of religious teaching. This is not the disputed report about Muadh’s method of legal reasoning. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 7155; Book: Judgments. Narrator: Anas ibn Malik. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Qais bin Sa`d was to the Prophet (ﷺ) like a chief police officer to an Amir (chief).

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: Anas describes a particular support role by comparison with an officer serving an amir. The comparison does not establish a complete modern police ministry. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sunan Abi Dawud, no. 3645; Book: Knowledge. Narrator: Zayd ibn Thabit. Grade: Hasan sahih — al-Albani

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: I would write for him when he wrote (to them), and read to him when something was written to him.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: Zayd’s report concerns learning the writing used for correspondence with Jews. It supports trained communication staff, not general distrust of a contemporary religious community. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Tafsir Author/body: Ibn Kathir Work: Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim Locator: Commentary on 4:58; opening and “whether it was revealed about that or not”

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ibn Kathir includes obligations owed to God and deposits and other rights owed to people. He treats the ruling as general whether or not the reported occasion of revelation is established.

Source status: Arabic digital text checked at King Saud University’s Quran portal; no print pagination claimed.

Relevance / context: Distinguishes general interpretation from the authentication of a particular historical narrative. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Tafsir Author/body: al-Qurtubi Work: al-Jami li-Ahkam al-Quran Locator: Commentary on 12:55; second issue; narrative embellishments not adopted

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Qurtubi prefers permission to serve under an unjust or non-Muslim ruler when the official has scope to act rightly without being forced into wrongdoing; he records a contrary view restricting the precedent to Joseph.

Source status: Arabic digital text checked at King Saud University’s Quran portal; no print pagination claimed.

Relevance / context: Not a blanket endorsement of every appointment or regime. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Modern scholarship Author/body: Muhammad Abu Zahrah Work: The Fundamental Principles of Imam Malik’s Fiqh Locator: Tenth Source: Means; opening discussion

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: His account distinguishes blocking means to prohibited outcomes from enabling means to obligatory ends. Assessment examines foreseeable effects, not merely the actor’s professed intention.

Source status: English text hosted by IIUM, attributed to Muhammad Abu Zahrah; a modern account of Maliki doctrine, not direct inspection of every classical work it cites.

Relevance / context: Applicable to preventive controls only through a stated juristic argument. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book XVI: Administration of Justice; Article(s) 1801

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Judicial authority may be limited by time, place and subject matter. The code also addresses officially designated juristic rules for particular disputes.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Historical evidence for defined jurisdiction; not a claim that all modern constitutional arrangements are identical. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book XVI: Administration of Justice; Article(s) 1810, 1813

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Cases are handled by priority, with justified expedition where appropriate; factual investigation must not become a reason for undue delay.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Links administrative efficiency with fairness rather than haste alone. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book XVI: Administration of Justice; Article(s) 1814

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Judgments and documents must be recorded in a reliable court register and handed to the successor when a judge leaves office.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: A specific historical precedent for recordkeeping and institutional continuity. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book XI: Agency; Article(s) 1456, 1459

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Agency may carry conditions, time limits or price limits, and its subject matter must be known sufficiently for the authorized task.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Provides a juristic analogy for precise delegation; a public-office application must be argued separately. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book XI: Agency; Article(s) 1466

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: An agent cannot appoint another agent unless the principal authorizes it or grants the relevant discretion. Authorized subagency is connected to the principal.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Clarifies who may pass authority onward and to whom the delegate is accountable. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book VI: Trust and Trusteeship; Article(s) 768

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: A custodian is not required to replace property lost without wrongdoing or negligence merely because it was held in trust.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Accountability requires identifying the legal relationship and the relevant fault. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Classical scholarship Author/body: Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun Work: Al-Muqaddimah Locator: Book I, chapter III, section 40: في أن التجارة من السلطان مضرة بالرعايا ومفسدة للجباية

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: He describes how a ruler’s purchasing power, coercive leverage and forced sales can crowd out ordinary traders and cultivators and ultimately diminish fiscal receipts.

Source status: Arabic primary text, Wikisource transcription, part III. Section numbering follows that access text; printed pagination not asserted. Historical analysis, not a Hadith or an empirical estimate for a modern economy.

Relevance / context: Concerns the described coercive practices; not a blanket verdict on every present-day public enterprise. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage