Accountability, hisbah and prevention of abuse

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: and enjoin kindness and forbid iniquity.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Hajj 22:41; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The verse describes those established in the land, alongside prayer and zakat. The institutional jurisdiction and procedures of hisbah require further juristic evidence.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 22:41 | [2] Pickthall • 22:41

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: nor seek by it to gain the hearing of the judges that ye may knowingly devour a portion of the property of others wrongfully.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Baqarah 2:188; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The verse connects wrongful property acquisition with recourse to rulers or judges. A favorable decision does not itself establish moral entitlement to another person’s assets.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 2:188 | [2] Pickthall • 2:188

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: and wrong not people in respect of their goods.

Source: Qur’an, Hud 11:85; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: Shu‘ayb’s address connects market integrity with social corruption. It is directly useful for hisbah discussions about fair exchange and the protection of economic rights.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 11:85 | [2] Pickthall • 11:85

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: But observe the measure strictly, nor fall short thereof.

Source: Qur’an, Ar-Rahman 55:9; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The wording directly concerns equitable measure. Calibration, honest testing and inspection of commercial measures are specified administrative applications.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 55:9 | [2] Pickthall • 55:9

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: Lo! Those who devour the wealth of orphans wrongfully, they do but swallow fire into their bellies

Source: Qur’an, An-Nisa 4:10; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The warning concerns wrongful consumption of orphan property. It supports fiduciary protection of vulnerable beneficiaries, not merely a general appeal to generosity.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 4:10 | [2] Pickthall • 4:10

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: which will be a thing of regret for you on the Day of Resurrection.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ahkam, no. 7148. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The warning contrasts attraction to power with later regret. It supports self-scrutiny of motives, distinct from the appointment rule in the following report.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 7148

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: and he does not look after them in an honest manner, will never feel even the smell of Paradise.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ahkam, no. 7150. Narrator: Ma‘qil ibn Yasar. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The report makes neglect of sincere public care a grave breach. Bukhari 7151 is a closely related version and is not counted separately.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 7150

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: Why didn't he stay at his father's and mother's house to see whether he will be given gifts or not?

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ahkam, no. 7174. Narrator: Abu Humayd al-Sa‘idi. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The tax collector’s claimed private gifts are tested against what he would receive without office. Parallel versions of this same incident are not separate references.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 7174

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He links confiscation, forced labour and coercive exchange to lost incentives, migration and weakening public revenue.

Source: Ibn Khaldun, al-Muqaddimah, chapter III, section 41, opening argument and paragraphs on forced labour.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Use the author’s analysis of institutional harm; his illustrative royal anecdotes are not separately authenticated here.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Ibn Khaldun • chapter III, section 41, opening argument and paragraphs on forced labour

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: And the believers, men and women, are protecting friends one of another;

Source: Qur’an, At-Tawbah 9:71; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The full verse includes enjoining right and forbidding wrong by believing men and women. It grounds shared moral responsibility, without itself settling every rule for formal office.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 9:71 | [2] Pickthall • 9:71

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: They restrained not one another from the wickedness they did.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Ma’idah 5:79; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The passage criticises a failure of mutual correction in its historical context. It is relevant to tolerated misconduct, not collective blame against present religious communities.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 5:79 | [2] Pickthall • 5:79

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: Lo! Allah is Informed of what ye do.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Hashr 59:18; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The preceding clause asks each soul to examine what it has sent ahead for the morrow. Administrative self-audit is an application of this moral self-review.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 59:18 | [2] Pickthall • 59:18

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: if he makes a covenant he proves treacherous;

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Jizyah wa-l-Muwada‘ah, no. 3178. Narrator: ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Amr. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The full report describes four hypocritical behaviours. Apply its ethical warning to conduct, not as a licence to pronounce an individual’s hidden belief.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 3178

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: he should bring everything, big or small

Source: Sahih Muslim, Government, no. 1833a. Narrator: Adi ibn Amirah al-Kindi. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The report requires an appointed agent to account for collections and take only what is authorized. It is distinct from the official-gift investigation in Bukhari 7174.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 1833a

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: In the near future there will be Amirs and you will like their good deeds and dislike their bad deeds.

Source: Sahih Muslim, Government, no. 1854a. Narrator: Umm Salamah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The continuation distinguishes rejection from approving and following wrongdoing, and restricts armed opposition. Read it with conditional obedience, not as immunity from criticism.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 1854a

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: and to the leaders of the Muslims and their masses.

Source: Sahih Muslim, Faith, no. 55a. Narrator: Tamim al-Dari. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: This is the final part of the answer identifying the recipients of religious sincerity. It supports conscientious advice, not flattery or an unrestricted obedience claim.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 55a

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: He who amongst you sees something abominable should modify it with the help of his hand

Source: Sahih Muslim, Faith, no. 49a. Narrator: Abu Said al-Khudri, reported by Tariq ibn Shihab. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The full report continues with speech and the heart when unable, and records objection to Marwan’s Eid procedure. Coercive jurisdiction is a further legal question, not unrestricted private permission.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 49a

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: He who deceives is not of me (is not my follower).

Source: Sahih Muslim, Faith, no. 102. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The Prophet inspected a food heap and found hidden moisture. The setting supplies concrete evidence for market honesty and disclosure, not merely a general moral slogan.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 102

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: He who hoards is a sinner.

Source: Sahih Muslim, Musaqah, no. 1605a. Narrator: Mamar. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The page itself records questions about the narrators’ storage practices. Distinguish prohibited ihtikar from all inventory or emergency reserves; jurists discuss its commodity and harm conditions.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 1605a

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: And there may spring from you a nation who invite to goodness

Source: Qur’an, Aal Imran 3:104; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: English: Marmaduke Pickthall, Quranic Arabic Corpus. A published Urdu translation could not be verified for this entry.

Verification / status: Arabic and English excerpt checked. Urdu published translation unavailable in the inspected access sources.

Relevance: The verse connects invitation to good with enjoining right and forbidding wrong. Whether the command concerns all or a qualified group is discussed separately in tafsir.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic • 3:104 | [2] Pickthall • 3:104

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: and unlawfully consumed the wealth of others and shed the blood of others and beat others

Source: Sahih Muslim, Virtue, Kinship and Manners, no. 2581. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The report’s account of final reckoning includes financial appropriation, bloodshed and assault despite ritual observance. It supports substantive accountability for harmful conduct.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 2581

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument After recording grammatical alternatives for minkum, al-Qurtubi prefers the reading that supports a collective obligation carried by qualified persons.

Source: al-Qurtubi, al-Jami li-ahkam al-Quran, commentary on 3:104.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Use for the relation between general moral duty and specialist office; do not attribute every alternative in the passage to his final preference.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] al-Qurtubi • commentary on 3:104

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He discusses suht as illicit gain, includes bribery in judgments and influence-peddling, and records juristic consequences for a bribed judge.

Source: al-Qurtubi, al-Jami li-ahkam al-Quran, commentary on 5:42.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: This is tafsir and juristic discussion, not a fresh authentication of every report embedded in it.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] al-Qurtubi • commentary on 5:42

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He connects unsupported suspicion with prohibited words and acts and explains the prohibition of spying as a prohibition on searching for people’s hidden faults.

Source: Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman, commentary on 49:12.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Useful for the limits of hisbah and surveillance; no detailed modern warrant system is claimed to be stated in this commentary.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi • commentary on 49:12

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The maxim requires removal of legally cognizable harm.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 20.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: A general basis for nuisance control and remedial administration, to be read with proportionality and the prohibition of equivalent harm.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 20

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument A concession justified by necessity extends only as far as that necessity.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 22.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: Relevant to limits, duration and scope of emergency administrative measures; a bare declaration of emergency is not sufficient reasoning.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 22

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument A harm is not removed by replacing it with an equivalent harm.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 25.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: This limits corrective enforcement and retaliatory measures; distinguish it from the separate lesser-harm rule.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 25

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The article permits a particular burden to avert public harm and gives examples including preventing an unqualified physician from practice.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 26.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: This provides a concrete juristic connection to licensing and hisbah, not unrestricted sacrifice of individual rights.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 26

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The rule addresses removal of a more serious harm through a less serious one.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 27.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: Use for explicit comparison of unavoidable administrative harms, not as an excuse to ignore a harmless available alternative.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 27

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He extends the duties named in the verse to their necessary means, including teaching and appointing persons specifically responsible for correction.

Source: Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman, commentary on 22:41.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: An exegetical argument for institutional capacity; coercive measures mentioned in the passage remain subject to their legal qualifications.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi • commentary on 22:41

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He derives the principle that a means leading to a prohibited consequence can itself become prohibited even if otherwise permissible.

Source: Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman, commentary on 6:108.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Relevant to evaluating the consequences of corrective speech and enforcement; keep the interreligious-insult context visible.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi • commentary on 6:108

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The article bars favorable adjudication for specified close relatives, the spouse, a relevant business partner, a personal employee and persons maintained by the judge.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 1808.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: A concrete conflict-of-interest safeguard. Retain the article’s specified relationships rather than attributing an invented complete modern recusal code.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 1808

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: anything he takes beyond that is unfaithful dealing.

Source: Sunan Abi Dawud, Tribute, Spoils, and Rulership, no. 2943. Narrator: Buraydah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih according to al-Albani, as displayed by Sunnah.com; this bank does not claim a new independent chain assessment.

Relevance: The preceding clause concerns an appointed official provided with an allowance. The report distinguishes agreed provision from unauthorized gain.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sunan Abi Dawud 2943

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: Pay the deposit to him who deposited it with you, and do not betray him who betrayed you.

Source: Sunan Abi Dawud, Wages, no. 3535. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Hasan Sahih according to al-Albani, as displayed by Sunnah.com; not a claim of unanimous grading.

Relevance: Relevant to custody of public or private property and limits of retaliatory self-help. Its collection chapter concerns taking an asserted right from property in one’s control.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sunan Abi Dawud 3535

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: but if they prevented them, both parties would be safe.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Partnership, no. 2493. Narrator: al-Numan ibn Bashir. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The analogy concerns people proposing to damage their part of a shared ship. It supports preventing common harm, but does not define an unrestricted private enforcement power.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 2493

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: If you must sit there, then observe the rights of the way.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Oppressions, no. 2465. Narrator: Abu Said al-Khudri. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The full answer includes avoiding harm, restrained looking, greetings and moral correction. Relevant to managing shared space and public nuisance without replacing detailed municipal law.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 2465

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: By preventing him from oppressing others.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Oppressions, no. 2444. Narrator: Anas ibn Malik. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The reply explains how to help an oppressor: stop the oppression. It directly opposes shielding colleagues merely because they belong to one’s institution.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 2444

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: he should beg him to forgive him before the Day of Resurrection

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Oppressions, no. 2449. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The report expressly includes injury to reputation as well as other rights. It concerns settlement of personal wrongs, not merely internal administrative discipline.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 2449

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument Mawardi distinguishes a salaried appointed officer, obliged to hear complaints and investigate manifest wrongs, from a volunteer lacking the same official powers.

Source: Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam al-sultaniyyah, Chapter 20, opening definition and nine distinctions.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: This is a jurist’s institutional model, not permission for private punishment.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi • Chapter 20, opening definition and nine distinctions

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The examiner investigates officials’ abuses and restores excessive tax collections, including sums retained by officials or transferred to the treasury.

Source: Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam al-sultaniyyah, Chapter on mazalim, duties 1–2 of the appointed examiner.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Oversight is not confined to misconduct that has already produced a private lawsuit.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi • Chapter on mazalim, duties 1–2 of the appointed examiner

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The muhtasib deals with manifest wrongs and certain acknowledged obligations, not every contested claim requiring testimony and oaths, unless separately commissioned as judge.

Source: Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam al-sultaniyyah, Chapter 20, hisbah between adjudication and mazalim.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Use for jurisdictional boundaries and safeguards against arbitrary enforcement.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi • Chapter 20, hisbah between adjudication and mazalim

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: Verily Allah has enjoined goodness to everything

Source: Sahih Muslim, Hunting and Slaughter, no. 1955a. Narrator: Shaddad ibn Aws. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The following clauses require avoiding unnecessary suffering in killing and slaughter. This is not an independent authorization to use force.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 1955a

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) cursed the one who bribes and the one who takes a bribe.

Source: Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi, Judgments, no. 1337. Narrator: Abdullah ibn Amr. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Al-Tirmidhi: hasan sahih in the Arabic text; Darussalam display: hasan. Both attributions preserved.

Relevance: A direct anti-bribery report. Juristic discussion of coercion to recover an existing right is separate from the basic prohibition.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi 1337

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: a just statement before a tyrannical ruler.

Source: Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi, Tribulations, no. 2174. Narrator: Abu Said al-Khudri. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Al-Tirmidhi: hasan gharib from this route; Darussalam display: hasan.

Relevance: The narration values truthful correction of power. The description belongs to the report; it is not a verdict on any contemporary political actor.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi 2174

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument Al-Tabari explains the verse as both persistence in wrongdoing and failure to restrain one another.

Source: al-Tabari, Jami al-bayan, commentary on 5:79.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Apply the moral warning to institutional neglect; do not generalize the historical rebuke to an entire present-day community.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] al-Tabari • commentary on 5:79

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: finds a thorny twig lying on the way and puts it aside,

Source: Sahih Muslim, Government; chapter on martyrs, opening distinct statement, no. 1914. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The opening statement promises divine appreciation for removing a danger. Its placement before a martyrdom report does not turn road maintenance into armed activity.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 1914

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He treats the rebuke of transferring one’s offence to an innocent person as general, beyond the particular occasion reported in the commentary.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Quran al-azim, commentary on 4:112.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Relevant to false disciplinary accusations. The commentary records alternative identifications of the historical victim.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Ibn Kathir • commentary on 4:112

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He permits the wronged person to complain, while prohibiting false accusations, exaggeration and attacks on anyone other than the wrongdoer.

Source: al-Sadi, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman, commentary on 4:148.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Useful for grievance reporting and its evidentiary limits; not permission to suppress every complaint as improper speech.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] al-Sadi • commentary on 4:148

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The passage requires a presently existing wrong, visible without spying and recognizable as wrong without a disputed exercise of ijtihad.

Source: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, as reproduced by Murtada al-Zabidi, Ihya ulum al-din, reproduced in Ithaf al-sadah al-muttaqin, Book of commanding right and forbidding wrong; chapter 2, second pillar, opening four conditions; digital page 69.

Verification / status: The indexed passage of al-Zabidi’s commentary was inspected. Ghazali’s wording is accessed through that reproduction, not a separately collated edition of Ihya.

Relevance: Useful for limits on inspection. It is a juristic discussion, not unrestricted authorization of private coercion.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, as reproduced by Murtada al-Zabidi • Book of commanding right and forbidding wrong; chapter 2, second pillar, opening four conditions; digital page 69