Justice, rights and the rule of law

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: So follow not passion lest ye lapse (from truth)

Source: Qur’an, An-Nisa 4:135; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The full verse includes testimony against oneself and relatives, and rich and poor alike. It grounds impartiality rather than preferential protection of one’s own group.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 4:135 | [2] Pickthall • 4:135

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: and let not hatred of any people seduce you that ye deal not justly.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Ma’idah 5:8; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The instruction directly rejects hostile bias in judgment. Apply it to equal treatment in policing, adjudication and public services.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 5:8 | [2] Pickthall • 5:8

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: therefor judge aright between mankind, and follow not desire

Source: Qur’an, Sad 38:26; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: This instruction is addressed to Dawud. Its express connection between office, truthful judgment and restraint is relevant to judicial responsibility.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 38:26 | [2] Pickthall • 38:26

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: Lo! the noblest of you, in the sight of Allah, is the best in conduct.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Hujurat 49:13; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The verse addresses humanity and explains peoples and tribes through mutual recognition. It supports criticism of ethnic privilege; it is not itself a recruitment statute.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 49:13 | [2] Pickthall • 49:13

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: Verily we have honoured the Children of Adam.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Isra 17:70; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: Humanity, not an administrative elite, is the subject of this honour. Respectful treatment of service users and detainees is an application of this general principle.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 17:70 | [2] Pickthall • 17:70

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: Enter not houses other than your own without first announcing your presence

Source: Qur’an, An-Nur 24:27; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The verse provides a presumption of respect for domestic privacy. Lawful inspections and exceptional entry powers need independent legal justification and safeguards.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 24:27 | [2] Pickthall • 24:27

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: a legal share.

Source: Qur’an, An-Nisa 4:7; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The full verse recognises shares for both men and women in inherited property. The selected phrase underlines a determined entitlement, relevant to rights administration.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 4:7 | [2] Pickthall • 4:7

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: nor doth any laden bear another's load.

Source: Qur’an, Al-An‘am 6:164; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The passage rejects transferring one person’s moral burden to another. Distinguish individual culpability from separately established institutional duties of repair.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 6:164 | [2] Pickthall • 6:164

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: Lo! Allah loveth the just dealers.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Mumtahanah 60:8; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The full verse permits kindness and justice toward those who have neither fought the believers for religion nor expelled them. Preserve these contextual conditions.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 60:8 | [2] Pickthall • 60:8

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: There is no compulsion in religion.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Baqarah 2:256; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The text expressly rejects compulsion in religion. Particular historical and juristic debates about its legal scope should be attributed, not silently resolved in a relevance note.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 2:256 | [2] Pickthall • 2:256

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: And if two parties of believers fall to fighting, then make peace between them.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Hujurat 49:9; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: Marmaduke Pickthall; exact excerpt checked in the Quranic Arabic Corpus. Urdu: Muhammad Junagarhi, QuranEnc.

Verification / status: Arabic and the displayed published translation excerpts checked; relevance note is the compiler’s analysis.

Relevance: The verse begins with reconciliation and later requires an equitable settlement. Its coercive provisions belong to responsible legal authority, not private vigilantism.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic / Urdu • 49:9 | [2] Pickthall • 49:9

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: A judge should not judge between two persons while he is in an angry mood.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ahkam, no. 7158. Narrator: Abu Bakra, transmitted by his son ‘Abd al-Rahman. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The instruction is preserved in Abu Bakra’s letter to his son in Sijistan. It must not be misattributed to Umar or Abu Bakr al-Siddiq.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 7158

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: Take reasonably what is sufficient for you and your children

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ahkam, no. 7180. Narrator: ‘A’ishah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The Hind case establishes a context-specific maintenance remedy. Its application to ex parte adjudication or self-help requires the juristic distinctions surrounding the report.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 7180

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: whatever he takes is nothing but a piece of Fire

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ahkam, no. 7181. Narrator: Umm Salamah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The report separates a court’s evidentiary decision from the claimant’s moral entitlement; eloquence can mislead the decision-maker.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 7181

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: those who do justice in their rules, in matters relating to their families and in all that they undertake to do.

Source: Sahih Muslim, Government, no. 1827. Narrator: Abd Allah ibn Amr (Arabic chain; the English heading displays Ibn Umar). Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The description joins adjudication, family responsibilities and entrusted affairs. A narrator-name discrepancy in the access page is disclosed rather than reproduced as settled attribution.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 1827

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: but the oath must be taken by the defendant.

Source: Sahih Muslim, Judicial Decisions, no. 1711a. Narrator: Ibn Abbas. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The preceding clause warns that accepting bare claims would expose lives and property. This wording establishes the defendant’s oath; fuller proof rules require the related juristic treatment.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih Muslim 1711a

Qur’anic passage

Published translation / availability: But if thou judgest, judge between them with equity.

Source: Qur’an, Al-Maidah 5:42; contiguous excerpt.

Translation source: English: Marmaduke Pickthall, Quranic Arabic Corpus. A published Urdu translation could not be verified for this entry.

Verification / status: Arabic and English excerpt checked. Urdu published translation unavailable in the inspected access sources.

Relevance: The surrounding passage concerns parties seeking Prophetic judgment and the question of accepting jurisdiction. Its command to judge equitably is explicit.

Best use: Principle / argument

Verification links: [1] Arabic • 5:42 | [2] Pickthall • 5:42

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The article presumes absence of an unproved liability and illustrates who must prove an additional amount of damage.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 8.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: Useful against unproved financial surcharges on employees or citizens, subject to the applicable proof rules.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 8

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument A prior exercise of ijtihad is not undone merely by another exercise of the same kind.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 16.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: Relevant to stability of adjudication and reasoned review; this is not immunity for fraud or an unlawful decision.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 16

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The article requires equal treatment in seating, attention and address, even when one party is socially prominent and the other is not.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 1799.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: This gives concrete courtroom procedures for impartiality instead of only stating an abstract ideal.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 1799

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He explains just judgment through knowledge of what is required, knowledge of the actual circumstances and power to implement the right, excluding favoritism from kinship or hostility.

Source: Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman, commentary on 38:26.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Useful for separating legal research, fact-finding and execution within adjudication.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi • commentary on 38:26

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He applies permitted kindness, fair reciprocity and justice to polytheist relatives and others who are not fighting or expelling Muslims.

Source: Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman, commentary on 60:8.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: This clarifies the scope of civil relations without making a claim about every modern citizenship rule.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi • commentary on 60:8

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: or forces him to work beyond his capacity, or takes from him anything without his consent

Source: Sunan Abi Dawud, Tribute, Spoils, and Rulership, no. 3052. Narrator: Unnamed Companions through their sons, reported by Safwan ibn Sulaym. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih according to al-Albani, as displayed by Sunnah.com; this bank does not claim a new independent chain assessment.

Relevance: The full warning concerns a muahid, a person under covenant. The excerpt supports constraints on official burdens and takings; narrator names absent from the chain are not supplied.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sunan Abi Dawud 3052

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: a man who knows what is right and gives judgment accordingly

Source: Sunan Abi Dawud, The Office of the Judge, no. 3573. Narrator: Buraydah ibn al-Hasib. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih according to al-Albani, as displayed by Sunnah.com; this bank does not claim a new independent chain assessment.

Relevance: The full report contrasts this judge with one who knowingly deviates and one who judges in ignorance. Compare with the distinct report on a qualified judge’s excusable ijtihad error.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sunan Abi Dawud 3573

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: do not decide till you hear what the other has to say as you heard what the first had to say

Source: Sunan Abi Dawud, The Office of the Judge, no. 3582. Narrator: Ali ibn Abi Talib. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Hasan according to al-Albani, as displayed by Sunnah.com.

Relevance: The instruction was given when Ali was sent as judge to Yemen. It establishes a procedural safeguard, not merely a general exhortation to fairness.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sunan Abi Dawud 3582

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: Whoever killed a person having a treaty with the Muslims, shall not smell the smell of Paradise

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Jizyah and Truces, no. 3166. Narrator: Abdullah ibn Amr. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The warning protects the muahid against unlawful killing. It supplies a direct constraint on public coercion, rather than merely an appeal to general kindness.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 3166

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: Whoever usurps even one span of the land of somebody, his neck will be encircled with it down the seven earths.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Oppressions, no. 2453. Narrator: Aisha, in response to Abu Salamah. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The Companion narrator of the Prophetic warning is Aisha; Abu Salamah reports her response. Relevant to land records, acquisition and abuse of official access to property.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 2453

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The discussion covers restitution of seized property, scrutiny of endowments and enforcement of judicial orders against persons able to obstruct ordinary proceedings.

Source: Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam al-sultaniyyah, Chapter on mazalim, duties 5–7: property, endowments and enforcement.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: These are juristic functions; embedded historical illustrations are not independently authenticated here.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi • Chapter on mazalim, duties 5–7: property, endowments and enforcement

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: Do you intercede (with me) to violate one of the legal punishment of Allah?

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Legal Punishments, no. 6788. Narrator: Aisha. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The Makhzumi woman’s case condemns exempting the socially powerful while punishing the weak. Punishment belongs to lawful adjudication, not private enforcement.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 6788

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: That person whose neighbor does not feel safe from his evil.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Good Manners, no. 6016. Narrator: Abu Shurayh. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: This warning concerns harms to neighbours, relevant to local administration and nuisance prevention. It should not be used as a private declaration of someone’s unbelief.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 6016

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument Ibn Kathir notes that the verse calls both fighting groups believers and uses this against treating grave sin alone as loss of faith.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Quran al-azim, commentary on 49:9.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Relevant to reconciliation without indiscriminate excommunication.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Ibn Kathir • commentary on 49:9

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument Necessity can permit an otherwise prohibited action.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 21.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: Read with Article 22 on proportionality and Article 33 on others’ rights; it is not unrestricted emergency power.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 21

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument Necessity does not erase another person’s right; the article illustrates compensation for food consumed under compulsion of hunger.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 33.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: Relevant to emergency requisition and compensation, without claiming an entire modern acquisition statute.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 33

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument Recognized signs used by a person unable to speak are treated as verbal expression.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 70.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: An identifiable historical basis for communication accommodation; contemporary disability-access arrangements are an application.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 70

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument The article distinguishes evidence capable of affecting others from a confession whose effect is confined to the confessing party.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 78.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: Relevant to disciplinary investigations: one employee’s admission is not automatically proof against every colleague.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 78

Classical scholarship / jurisprudence

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument A direct actor can owe compensation even without intending the harm.

Source: Majalla drafting commission, Majallat al-ahkam al-adliyyah, Article 92.

Verification / status: Historical Hanafi codification: the identified Arabic article was checked in An-Najah University’s Maqam repository. English and Urdu are labelled paraphrases, not published translations. No claim about current legal applicability.

Relevance: Separate compensation from criminal intent; useful for damage during official operations.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Majalla drafting commission • Article 92

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: the aunt was like the mother.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Peacemaking, no. 2699. Narrator: al-Bara ibn Azib. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: This excerpt concerns the custody dispute over Hamzah’s daughter within a longer report. It is distinct from the treaty-negotiation evidence and does not settle every custody case without its conditions.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 2699

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: The slave-girl and the sheep are to go back to you,

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Peacemaking; combined reports 2695–2696, no. 2695. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah and Zayd ibn Khalid al-Juhani. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: The excerpt reverses property transferred in an invalid criminal settlement. Preserve the historical slavery and penal context; this is not permission for private punishment or a modern legal prescription.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 2695

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument Ibn Kathir links the repeated demand for verification to rejecting a person’s apparent profession of faith for material gain, while discussing several transmitted occasions.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Quran al-azim, commentary on 4:94.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Relevant to safeguards against presumptive violence and confiscation; do not collapse every reported occasion into one independently verified event.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Ibn Kathir • commentary on 4:94

Tafsir

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument He explains the exception as outward words forced by violence while the heart remains firm in faith.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Quran al-azim, commentary on 16:106.

Verification / status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. This is a labelled paraphrase, not a published quotation or translation. No unchecked print pagination supplied.

Relevance: Relevant to distinguishing coercion from genuine assent. The cited historical chains are not independently graded here.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verification links: [1] Ibn Kathir • commentary on 16:106

Hadith collection

Published translation / availability: The Prophet (ﷺ) judged that seven cubits should be left as a public way when there was a dispute about the land.

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Oppressions, chapter: dispute about a public way, no. 2473. Narrator: Abu Huraira. Numbering: Sunnah.com displayed collection number.

Translation source: English: exact, contiguous excerpt from Sunnah.com; individual translator not independently established. Urdu translation not verified here.

Verification / status: Sahih: included in this collection’s authenticated corpus; this is not a new independent isnad evaluation.

Relevance: This supplies a concrete adjudicative precedent for access and shared space. It does not by itself settle every modern road-width or planning requirement.

Best use: Evidence / application

Verification links: [1] Sahih al-Bukhari 2473