I. Knowledge, worship and public agency

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah At-Tawba (9), 9:71

Published English — Pickthall: And the believers, men and women, are protecting friends one of another; they enjoin the right and forbid the wrong, and they establish worship and they pay the poor-due, and they obey Allah and His messenger. As for these, Allah will have mercy on them. Lo! Allah is Mighty, Wise.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Believing men and women are named as mutual allies with shared duties of moral action and worship.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Ash-Shura (42), 42:38

Published English — Pickthall: And those who answer the call of their Lord and establish worship, and whose affairs are a matter of counsel, and who spend of what We have bestowed on them,

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Consultation is a characteristic of the believing community. Specific institutional arrangements are applications, not the verse’s detailed wording.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Mumtahana (60), 60:12

Published English — Pickthall: O Prophet! If believing women come unto thee, taking oath of allegiance unto thee that they will ascribe no thing as partner unto Allah, and will neither steal nor commit adultery nor kill their children, nor produce any lie that they have devised between their hands and feet, nor disobey thee in what is right, then accept their allegiance and ask Allah to forgive them. Lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Women directly undertake a pledge with substantive duties; it is evidence of religious-community participation, not a description of a modern electoral system.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Mujaadila (58), 58:1-4

Published English — Pickthall: [58:1] Allah hath heard the saying of her that disputeth with thee (Muhammad) concerning her husband, and complaineth unto Allah. And Allah heareth your colloquy. Lo! Allah is Hearer, Knower. [58:2] Such of you as put away your wives (by saying they are as their mothers) - They are not their mothers; none are their mothers except those who gave them birth - they indeed utter an ill word and a lie. And lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. [58:3] Those who put away their wives (by saying they are as their mothers) and afterward would go back on that which they have said, (the penalty) in that case (is) the freeing of a slave before they touch one another. Unto this ye are exhorted; and Allah is Informed of what ye do. [58:4] And he who findeth not (the wherewithal), let him fast for two successive months before they touch one another; and for him who is unable to do so (the penance is) the feeding of sixty needy ones. This, that ye may put trust in Allah and His messenger. Such are the limits (imposed by Allah); and for disbelievers is a painful doom.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Preserves the complaint, rejection of zihar’s claim and specified remedies together. Do not substitute popular unverified dialogue for the text.

Best use: Argument

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Cross-references: 154

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Alaq (96), 96:1-5

Published English — Pickthall: [96:1] Read: In the name of thy Lord Who createth, [96:2] Createth man from a clot. [96:3] Read: And thy Lord is the Most Bounteous, [96:4] Who teacheth by the pen, [96:5] Teacheth man that which he knew not.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Foundational evidence for knowledge; women’s actual access to teaching is more directly illustrated by the Hadith entries in this section.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Noor (24), 24:30-31

Published English — Pickthall: [24:30] Tell the believing men to lower their gaze and be modest. That is purer for them. Lo! Allah is aware of what they do. [24:31] And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and be modest, and to display of their adornment only that which is apparent, and to draw their veils over their bosoms, and not to reveal their adornment save to their own husbands or fathers or husbands' fathers, or their sons or their husbands' sons, or their brothers or their brothers' sons or sisters' sons, or their women, or their slaves, or male attendants who lack vigour, or children who know naught of women's nakedness. And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. And turn unto Allah together, O believers, in order that ye may succeed.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: The command begins with men and then addresses women, with distinct details. Do not present modesty as solely a female obligation.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Knowledge, no. 101

Narrator: Abu Saʿid al-Khudri

Checked published English excerpt: “On that he promised them one day for religious lessons and commandments.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Women initiated a request for access to instruction and the Prophet arranged it: a concrete educational precedent.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Menstruation, no. 332c

Narrator: ʿA’isha

Checked published English excerpt: “How good are the women of Ansar (helpers) that their shyness does not prevent them from learning religion.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: This quoted sentence is ʿA’isha’s comment within a report of Prophetic instruction on ritual washing; do not misattribute her words to the Prophet.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Friday Prayer, no. 900

Narrator: Ibn ʿUmar

Checked published English excerpt: “Do not stop Allah's women-slaves from going to Allah's Mosques”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The report includes ʿUmar’s wife attending congregational prayer despite his personal dislike; it distinguishes an individual preference from a Prophetic restraint on prohibition.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Menstrual Periods, no. 324

Narrator: Umm ʿAtiyya, in Hafsa’s report

Checked published English excerpt: “the menstruating women should keep away from the Musalla (praying place).”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Women, including menstruating women, attend the Eid gathering, with the stated distinction concerning the prayer place. Participation and ritual restrictions must both be preserved.

Best use: Argument / example

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Arabic excerpt: not verified for this entry; no reconstruction supplied.

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Conditions; in-book 54:19, no. 2731–2732

Narrator: al-Miswar ibn Makhrama and Marwan

Checked published English excerpt: “Go out and don't say a word to anybody till you have slaughtered your sacrifice”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Umm Salama advises action when the companions hesitate; the subsequent narrative records the Prophet following her advice. This is an authenticated Seerah example within a Hadith collection, counted only once.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Tafsir; Surat al-Mumtahana, no. 4891

Narrator: ʿA’isha, through ʿUrwa

Checked published English excerpt: “I have accepted your pledge of allegiance for that.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The report describes women’s individual undertaking under Qur’an 60:12 and the manner of accepting it. Bayʿa should not simply be equated with a modern election without qualification.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Prayers, no. 357

Narrator: Umm Hani’, through Abu Murra

Checked published English excerpt: “We shelter the person whom you have sheltered.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: At the conquest of Makkah the Prophet recognises Umm Hani’s protection. This supports discussion of a woman’s capacity to grant aman, not an unlimited theory of every public office.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Jihad and Expeditions, no. 1812a

Narrator: Ibn ʿAbbas, through Yazid ibn Hurmuz

Checked published English excerpt: “They would treat the wounded and were given a reward from the booty”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: In a letter Ibn ʿAbbas distinguishes women’s medical service and a grant from an assigned regular share of booty. These are narrated legal-historical distinctions, not an assertion of identical military status.

Best use: Argument / example

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Category: Tafsir

Source: Muhammad Shafi, Maʿarif al-Qur’an, on 58:1, “Cause of Revelation” and explanation of qad samiʿa

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: The commentary connects Khawla’s pleading with redress against the pre-Islamic treatment of zihar as an irrevocable marital rupture. It highlights the first verse’s honouring of the woman whose complaint was heard.

Access and verification: English Maʿarif al-Qur’an text on Quran.com; the opening editorial footnote is explicitly attributed there to Muhammad Taqi Usmani.

Relevance / context: The page’s additional ʿUmar anecdote is not separately authenticated or counted here.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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