09 Zakat and charity: social responsibility

Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“wherewith thou mayst purify them and mayst make them grow,”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Tawbah (9), ayah 103.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The pronoun refers to the alms collected from their wealth. The verse relates economic giving to the giver’s spiritual formation.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“The alms are only for the poor and the needy, and those who collect them,”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Tawbah (9), ayah 60.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The excerpt names the first three categories. The full verse also includes reconciliation of hearts, emancipation, debtors, God’s cause and travellers; precise applications are juristic questions.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“that it become not a commodity between the rich among you.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Hashr (59), ayah 7.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The immediate subject is fay revenue, not zakat. Broader economic applications must be labelled as inference rather than replacing the original fiscal context.

Status: Arabic and the reproduced published translation wording checked in the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“and it is to be taken from the wealthy among them and given to the poor.”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Zakat, hadith 1395; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Ibn Abbas.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The instructions for the Yemen mission proceed from testimony of faith to five prayers and obligatory almsgiving. This clause identifies a concrete redistributive function.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih al-Bukhari; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Argument / practical example

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“Save yourself from Hell-fire even by giving half a date-fruit in charity.”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Zakat, hadith 1417; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Adi ibn Hatim.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: Small resources do not exclude a person from voluntary charity. This is an exhortation, not a replacement for zakat’s distinct legal rules.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih al-Bukhari; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Argument / practical example

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“that his left hand does not know what his right hand has given”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Zakat, hadith 1423; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The preceding clause describes a person concealing charity, one of seven promised shade. The image emphasizes sincerity and discretion rather than a literal separation of knowledge between hands.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih al-Bukhari; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Argument / practical example

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“and he ordered that it be paid before the people went out to offer the `Id prayer.”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Zakat, hadith 1503; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Ibn Umar.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The report also specifies a sa of dates or barley and the Muslim persons covered. Modern kilogram equivalents and cash-payment rulings are not part of the Arabic report.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih al-Bukhari; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Argument / practical example

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“as Zakat is the compulsory right to be taken from the property (according to Allah's orders)”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Zakat, combined report 1399–1400 in Sunnah.com numbering. Narrator: Abu Hurayrah; quoted speaker: Abu Bakr. Urdu continuation: IslamicUrduBooks 1400.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: The report records a post-Prophetic dispute over fighting groups withholding zakat, including Umar’s initial objection. It documents early public enforcement, not permission for private violence or an automatic modern analogy.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih al-Bukhari; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Argument / practical example

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Hadith / authenticated report • Verified Arabic excerpt; published translation excerpt(s)

“If you like you can give the land as endowment and give its fruits in charity.”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Conditions, hadith 2737; numbering: Sunnah.com. Narrator: Ibn Umar.

Translation: Established English wording displayed by Sunnah.com; individual translator not identified on the accessed passage.

Relevance / context: Umar’s implementation prevents sale, gift and inheritance of the endowed property and directs its yield to named beneficiaries. This is an authenticated precedent for waqf, distinct from obligatory zakat.

Status: Sahih: included in Sahih al-Bukhari; text and locator checked. This is not a new independent isnad grading.

Best use: Argument / practical example

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

In the second discussion, al-Qurtubi contrasts the position allowing distribution within the listed eligible categories with al-Shafii’s insistence on allocation among the named categories. Eligibility and the method of distribution are distinct juristic questions.

Source: Al-Qurtubi, Al-Jami li-ahkam al-Quran; commentary on 9:60. King Saud University digital Quran project.

Relevance / context: Shows that a clear scriptural list can still generate detailed legal disagreement; this is not a personalised zakat ruling.

Status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. Attribution verified; interpretation is not classified as a Hadith. Print pagination not asserted.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Hadith commentary / juristic discussion • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Hammad prefers distributing zakat among the poor of the collection area in ordinary circumstances, while allowing transfer for need or a relevant benefit. He discusses differing readings of al-Bukhari’s chapter arrangement.

Source: Abd al-Sattar al-Hammad, Hidayat al-Qari, under Bukhari 1496, points 1–2; displayed on the access page for hadith 1395.

Relevance / context: An attributed juristic discussion of delivery priorities, not a universal ban on transferring zakat.

Status: Cited passage inspected in the linked digital text. Attribution verified; interpretation is not classified as a Hadith. Print pagination not asserted.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Classical or modern scholarship • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Ghazali treats giving as a repeated practice that loosens attachment to wealth. He also discusses urgent communal need beyond a donor’s fulfilment of the fixed zakat obligation, recording disagreement about the form of assistance.

Source: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Ihya, Book 5, Kitab Asrar al-Zakah; The Mysteries of Almsgiving, trans. Nabih Amin Faris, Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore, pp. 28–29 (PDF leaf 19); publication year not verified.

Relevance / context: Connects a financial duty with character formation; the wider legal discussion is attributed, not stated as unanimous.

Status: Title page, translator, publisher and cited printed pages inspected in the scan. Publication year unverified.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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