13 Distinctive values: knowledge, dignity and social dealings

Qur’anic evidence • Complete ayah

“Lo! In the creation of the heavens and the earth and (in) the difference of night and day are tokens (of His Sovereignty) for men of understanding,”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al Imran (3), ayah 190.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Provides a textual basis for attentive reasoning about the natural world. It is not a statement of a particular modern scientific theory.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“Verily we have honoured the Children of Adam.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Isra (17), ayah 70.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The wording addresses the Children of Adam, supplying an introductory foundation for human dignity. Specific rights and legal applications require their own evidence.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“He hath chosen you and hath not laid upon you in religion any hardship;”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Hajj (22), ayah 78.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Adds explicit Quranic evidence for the removal of religious hardship. The verse also requires prayer and zakat, so ease is not the abolition of obligation.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Complete ayah

“And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the difference of your languages and colours. Lo! herein indeed are portents for men of knowledge.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Rum (30), ayah 22.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Treats human diversity as a sign for reflection rather than evidence of inherited spiritual superiority. Compare the ethical criterion in Reference 041.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“Say (unto them, O Muhammad): Are those who know equal with those who know not? But only men of understanding will pay heed.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Zumar (39), ayah 9.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The immediate setting is night worship, fear of the Hereafter and hope in mercy. Educational use should preserve that religious context rather than present a context-free slogan.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“and men who remember Allah much and women who remember - Allah hath prepared for them forgiveness and a vast reward.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Ahzab (33), ayah 35.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: The concluding clause makes both women and men explicit recipients of promised forgiveness and reward. The full verse similarly pairs them across multiple virtues.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Hadith evidence • Selected Arabic and translation excerpt

“and he acts according to it and teaches it to others.”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Ilm; aspiring to knowledge and wisdom, hadith 73 (Sunnah.com numbering). Narrator: Abdullah ibn Masud.

Translation: English wording as displayed by Sunnah.com; a named translator or edition is not asserted unless established in the source.

Relevance / context: The complete narration commends aspiration to beneficial wisdom and righteous spending. The intended aspiration is distinguished from wishing that another person lose a blessing.

Status: Sahih: primary source is Sahih al-Bukhari or Sahih Muslim. Collection-based status, not a new chain investigation.

Best use: Example / ethical application

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Hadith evidence • Selected Arabic and translation excerpt

“Nobody has ever eaten a better meal than that which one has earned by working with one's own hands.”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Buyu; personal earnings and manual work, hadith 2072 (Sunnah.com numbering). Narrator: Al-Miqdam ibn Madikarib.

Translation: English wording as displayed by Sunnah.com; a named translator or edition is not asserted unless established in the source.

Relevance / context: The full report cites Prophet Dawud’s own work, joining prophetic example to economic conduct. It praises earned livelihood without asserting that recipients of lawful support lack dignity.

Status: Sahih: primary source is Sahih al-Bukhari or Sahih Muslim. Collection-based status, not a new chain investigation.

Best use: Example / ethical application

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Hadith evidence • Selected Arabic and translation excerpt

“if both the parties spoke the truth and described the defects and qualities (of the goods),”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Buyu; disclosure in transactions, hadith 2079 (Sunnah.com numbering). Narrator: Hakim ibn Hizam.

Translation: English wording as displayed by Sunnah.com; a named translator or edition is not asserted unless established in the source.

Relevance / context: The complete report joins blessing in trade to truthful disclosure and contrasts it with concealment. The separate juristic discussion of the option before parting is not resolved in this introductory entry.

Status: Sahih: primary source is Sahih al-Bukhari or Sahih Muslim. Collection-based status, not a new chain investigation.

Best use: Example / ethical application

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Hadith evidence • Selected Arabic and translation excerpt

“By preventing him from oppressing others.”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Mazalim; helping one’s brother, hadith 2444 (Sunnah.com numbering). Narrator: Anas ibn Malik.

Translation: English wording as displayed by Sunnah.com; a named translator or edition is not asserted unless established in the source.

Relevance / context: The clarifying reply defines helping an oppressor as stopping the oppression. Quoting only the opening call to help one’s brother would reverse the report’s intended ethical safeguard.

Status: Sahih: primary source is Sahih al-Bukhari or Sahih Muslim. Collection-based status, not a new chain investigation.

Best use: Example / ethical application

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Ibn Kathir illustrates human honour through bodily capacities, hearing, sight and intellect, including the ability to distinguish benefit from harm in worldly and religious affairs. The entry does not rely on later reports comparing humans and angels.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim; commentary on 17:70; opening paragraphs before the human–angel comparison.

Relevance / context: Supports cultivation of responsible human capacities; it is not an explicit modern rights code.

Qualification: Arabic digital transcription inspected on the King Saud University Quran project; no edition-specific printed page is claimed.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Ibn Kathir explains differences of tongues as the many human languages and expands the discussion of appearance to the distinctive features of individuals. Shared human structure coexists with recognisable diversity.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim; commentary on 30:22; explanation of differences in languages and colours.

Relevance / context: Useful for discussing diversity within humanity; contemporary anti-discrimination applications remain applications, not the commentator’s exact terminology.

Qualification: Arabic digital transcription inspected on the King Saud University Quran project; no edition-specific printed page is claimed.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Sa‘di places the contrast between knowing and not knowing in the setting of night worship, fear, hope and knowledge of Allah’s religious guidance and recompense. Sound understanding favours knowledge and obedience over ignorance and impulse.

Source: al-Sa‘di, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman; commentary on 39:9; opening comparison and the final two explanatory paragraphs.

Relevance / context: Avoids citing the verse as though it referred only to possession of information or academic credentials.

Qualification: Arabic digital transcription inspected on the King Saud University Quran project; no edition-specific printed page is claimed.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

Verify: Source text