14 Belief, accountability and intellectual reflection

Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“Each soul earneth only on its own account, nor doth any laden bear another's load.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Anam (6), ayah 164.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Grounds individual moral accountability. Responsibility for encouraging another person’s wrongdoing is a separate question, not an exception permitting arbitrary transfer of guilt.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“And We set a just balance for the Day of Resurrection so that no soul is wronged in aught.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Anbiya (21), ayah 47.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Connects belief in resurrection with an assurance of justice. Its ethical relevance is accountability beyond what human observers can establish.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“Praise be to Allah, the Creator of the heavens and the earth, Who appointeth the angels messengers having wings two, three and four.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Fatir (35), ayah 1.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Supplies specific evidence for belief in angels beyond simply listing the articles of faith. No unverified names or descriptions of individual angels are added.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Complete ayah

“He uttereth no word but there is with him an observer ready.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Qaf (50), ayah 18.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Extends awareness of accountability to ordinary speech. The descriptive words in the verse are not asserted here to be the proper names of angels.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Complete ayah

“Lo! We have created every thing by measure.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Qamar (54), ayah 49.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: A concise Quranic basis for discussing divine measure and decree. Read alongside evidence for responsible human action rather than deriving fatalism from this verse alone.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Contiguous ayah excerpt

“And let every soul look to that which it sendeth on before for the morrow.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Hashr (59), ayah 18.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Provides direct support for reviewing one’s deeds in light of the Hereafter. The relevance to personal planning is an application, not a new translation of the verse.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Qur’anic evidence • Complete ayah

“No calamity befalleth save by Allah's leave. And whosoever believeth in Allah, He guideth his heart. And Allah is Knower of all things.”

Source: Qur'an, Surah Al-Taghabun (64), ayah 11.

Translation: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran; accessed through Quranic Arabic Corpus.

Relevance / context: Links belief to guidance of the heart during affliction. It neither blames sufferers for every calamity nor directs them to abandon lawful remedies.

Status: Arabic and displayed published translation wording checked against the linked digital texts.

Best use: Argument / application

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Hadith evidence • Selected Arabic and translation excerpt

“If Allah loves a person, He calls Gabriel”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab Bad al-Khalq; chapter on angels, hadith 3209 (Sunnah.com numbering). Narrator: Abu Hurayrah.

Translation: English wording as displayed by Sunnah.com; a named translator or edition is not asserted unless established in the source.

Relevance / context: Adds a specific account of Gabriel’s role in a report about divine love. The narration must not be reversed into a rule that worldly popularity proves righteousness.

Status: Sahih: primary source is Sahih al-Bukhari or Sahih Muslim. Collection-based status, not a new chain investigation.

Best use: Example / ethical application

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Hadith evidence • Selected Arabic and translation excerpt

“The Angels were born out of light”

Source: Sahih Muslim, Kitab al-Zuhd wa al-Raqaiq, hadith 2996 (Sunnah.com numbering). Narrator: Aishah.

Translation: English wording as displayed by Sunnah.com; a named translator or edition is not asserted unless established in the source.

Relevance / context: Provides specific transmitted evidence about angelic creation. The translation’s “born” reproduces the accessed English wording; the Arabic verb means creation, not divine parentage.

Status: Sahih: primary source is Sahih al-Bukhari or Sahih Muslim. Collection-based status, not a new chain investigation.

Best use: Example / ethical application

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Hadith evidence • Selected Arabic and translation excerpt

“Carry on doing (good) deeds,”

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Tafsir; commentary on Surah al-Layl, hadith 4949 (Sunnah.com numbering). Narrator: Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Translation: English wording as displayed by Sunnah.com; a named translator or edition is not asserted unless established in the source.

Relevance / context: At a funeral, a question about abandoning deeds because destiny is written receives a direction to act. The fuller report connects facilitation with the paths described in Surah al-Layl.

Status: Sahih: primary source is Sahih al-Bukhari or Sahih Muslim. Collection-based status, not a new chain investigation.

Best use: Example / ethical application

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Qurtubi explains that one person is not punished simply for another’s sin. Those who mislead others nevertheless bear responsibility for their own act of causing misguidance; this is not an arbitrary transfer of someone else’s guilt.

Source: al-Qurtubi, al-Jami‘ li-ahkam al-Qur’an; commentary on 6:164; discussion of “wa la taziru waziratun” and the burdens of misleaders.

Relevance / context: Useful qualification when explaining individual accountability and social influence.

Qualification: Arabic digital transcription inspected on the King Saud University Quran project; no edition-specific printed page is claimed.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Ibn Kathir explains the scales through the weighing of deeds and relates the verse to passages denying any injustice, even at the smallest measure. He reports an interpretation of the plural “scales” as referring to the many deeds weighed.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim; commentary on 21:47; opening explanation of the scales and cross-references.

Relevance / context: An interpretive link between final judgement and careful moral self-accounting; no consensus on every detail is claimed.

Qualification: Arabic digital transcription inspected on the King Saud University Quran project; no edition-specific printed page is claimed.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Ibn Kathir interprets angels as messengers between Allah and His prophets and their wings in relation to carrying out what they are commanded. This entry cites that explanation, not an independent grading of the additional angelic reports on the page.

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim; commentary on 35:1; explanation beginning “ja‘il al-mala’ikati rusulan”.

Relevance / context: Clarifies a function of angels rather than supplying speculative descriptions beyond the source.

Qualification: Arabic digital transcription inspected on the King Saud University Quran project; no edition-specific printed page is claimed.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Tabari glosses raqib as a watcher who preserves what is said and ‘atid as ready or prepared. The terms function as descriptions in his explanation, rather than as an assertion that they are the personal names of two angels.

Source: al-Tabari, Jami‘ al-bayan ‘an ta’wil ay al-Qur’an; commentary on 50:18; opening lexical explanation.

Relevance / context: Adds a precise lexical safeguard to the ethical lesson of accountable speech.

Qualification: Arabic digital transcription inspected on the King Saud University Quran project; no edition-specific printed page is claimed.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Tafsir • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

Al-Sa‘di relates guidance of the heart to recognising divine decree and responding with patience when losses affect oneself, property or loved ones. He presents steadiness and patient action as religious duties during adversity.

Source: al-Sa‘di, Taysir al-Karim al-Rahman; commentary on 64:11; first explanatory paragraph.

Relevance / context: A theological account of patience, not a claim that normal grief or a clinical illness proves deficient faith.

Qualification: Arabic digital transcription inspected on the King Saud University Quran project; no edition-specific printed page is claimed.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Interpretation / critical analysis

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Scholarly source • Scholarly position / paraphrased argument

In the opening of Lecture II, Iqbal treats the cosmological, teleological and ontological arguments as attempts to reach the Absolute but disputes their conclusiveness as logical proofs. His criticism of the cosmological argument questions the move from finite effects to an infinite first cause.

Source: Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam; Lecture II, “The Philosophical Test of the Revelations of Religious Experience”, opening and cosmological-argument paragraph.

Relevance / context: Useful for critical analysis of faith and reason, not as a claim that all Muslim theologians reject these arguments.

Qualification: Primary lecture text inspected through the International Iqbal Society. No printed edition or page number is asserted.

Status: Specified passage inspected; both language columns contain the compiler’s paraphrase, not a published translation.

Best use: Definition / critical analysis

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