1. Salient features of the Islamic system

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Anam (6), ayah(s) 162. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Say: Lo! my worship and my sacrifice and my living and my dying are for Allah, Lord of the Worlds.

Relevance / context: Direct evidence that religious commitment encompasses worship and life. Detailed institutional arrangements require further evidence, not this verse alone. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Baqarah (2), ayah(s) 208. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O ye who believe! Come, all of you, into submission (unto Him); and follow not the footsteps of the devil. Lo! he is an open enemy for you.

Relevance / context: Supports comprehensive religious commitment; the wording is not itself a specification of a modern state model. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nahl (16), ayah(s) 90. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Lo! Allah enjoineth justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk, and forbiddeth lewdness and abomination and wickedness. He exhorteth you in order that ye may take heed.

Relevance / context: A concise normative foundation for social conduct and public responsibility; justice and voluntary beneficence are related but not identical. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Baqarah (2), ayah(s) 143. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Thus We have appointed you a middle nation, that ye may be witnesses against mankind, and that the messenger may be a witness against you.

Relevance / context: Use for collective moral responsibility. The surrounding passage concerns the change of qiblah; “middle” must not be reduced to an undefined political slogan. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Hajj (22), ayah(s) 78. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): He hath chosen you and hath not laid upon you in religion any hardship;

Relevance / context: Textual basis used in juristic discussions of facilitation. It does not by itself cancel particular obligations or evidentiary conditions. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Baqarah (2), ayah(s) 286. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Allah tasketh not a soul beyond its scope.

Relevance / context: Supports the relationship between obligation and capacity. Its legal applications require attention to the facts and the relevant rule. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Anbiya (21), ayah(s) 107. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): We sent thee not save as a mercy for the peoples.

Relevance / context: A general orientation for evaluating the ethical purpose of institutions; particular rulings still need their own proofs. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Maidah (5), ayah(s) 2. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): but help ye one another unto righteousness and pious duty. Help not one another unto sin and transgression,

Relevance / context: Provides a direct criterion for cooperation: the nature of the act, not merely group loyalty. The wider verse also prohibits retaliatory transgression. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 1; Book: Revelation. Narrator: Umar ibn al-Khattab. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: The reward of deeds depends upon the intentions

Relevance / context: Connects the moral worth of action to intention; the full narration illustrates this through migration. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 39; Book: Belief. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Religion is very easy

Relevance / context: The full report discourages self-defeating overburdening and recommends sustainable practice, not abandonment of obligations. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih Muslim, no. 55a; Book: Faith. Narrator: Tamim al-Dari. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih Muslim (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: The Religion is sincerity.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The continuation expressly includes Muslim leaders and ordinary Muslims among the recipients of sincere counsel. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 52; Book: Belief. Narrator: Al-Nu‘man ibn Bashir. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Both legal and illegal things are evident

Relevance / context: The continuation distinguishes doubtful matters and connects conduct to the heart; uncertainty should be acknowledged rather than disguised. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih Muslim, no. 2593; Book: Virtue, good manners and kinship. Narrator: Aisha. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih Muslim (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: 'A'isha, verily Allah is kind and He loves kindness

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The full report contrasts the fruits of gentleness with severity; apply to institutional conduct as an ethical inference. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Introduction, Part II: Maxims; Article(s) 17–18

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Hardship provides a reason for legally recognized facilitation. The code links the maxim to concrete legal arrangements rather than unlimited exemption.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Useful for the adaptable features of the system, with conditions stated. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Introduction, Part II: Maxims; Article(s) 19–25, 33

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: The code combines removal of harm, measured necessity, the ending of an exception when its cause ends, and preservation of another person’s compensation rights.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Read the maxims together; necessity is not an unrestricted permission to injure others. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Classical scholarship Author/body: Abd al-Malik al-Juwayni Work: Al-Waraqat Locator: Meaning of usul al-fiqh; types of ruling

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Juwayni distinguishes obligatory, recommended, permitted, prohibited and disliked conduct, alongside validity and invalidity. Not every moral recommendation has the same legal force.

Source status: Arabic text inspected at Islamicbook.ws. Section locators used; no printed edition or pagination asserted. Shafi‘i usul formulation, not a claim of agreement among all schools.

Relevance / context: Useful for classifying evidence before presenting institutional obligations. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage