2. Social system

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nisa (4), ayah(s) 1. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O mankind! Be careful of your duty to your Lord Who created you from a single soul and from it created its mate and from them twain hath spread abroad a multitude of men and women.

Relevance / context: Grounds social relations in shared human origin. The rest of the verse adds obligations toward kinship and divine accountability. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Hujurat (49), ayah(s) 13. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O mankind! Lo! We have created you male and female, and have made you nations and tribes that ye may know one another. Lo! the noblest of you, in the sight of Allah, is the best in conduct. Lo! Allah is Knower, Aware.

Relevance / context: Distinguishes social diversity from inherited superiority. Moral standing before God is not presented as a racial or tribal entitlement. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Rum (30), ayah(s) 21. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): And of His signs is this: He created for you helpmeets from yourselves that ye might find rest in them, and He ordained between you love and mercy. Lo! herein indeed are portents for folk who reflect.

Relevance / context: Provides the relational and ethical purposes of marriage, complementing rather than replacing detailed family-law evidence. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nisa (4), ayah(s) 19. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): But consort with them in kindness,

Relevance / context: Direct instruction on marital conduct. The full verse also prohibits coercive inheritance of women and wrongful pressure to recover their property. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nisa (4), ayah(s) 7. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Unto the men (of a family) belongeth a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, and unto the women a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, whether it be little or much - a legal share.

Relevance / context: Establishes entitlement, not a universal formula equating every male and female share. Specific allocations occur elsewhere. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Isra (17), ayah(s) 23. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Thy Lord hath decreed, that ye worship none save Him, and (that ye show) kindness to parents. If one of them or both of them attain old age with thee, say not "Fie" unto them nor repulse them, but speak unto them a gracious word.

Relevance / context: Direct evidence for elder care and respectful speech, including when dependency increases with age. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nisa (4), ayah(s) 36. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): (Show) kindness unto parents, and unto near kindred, and orphans, and the needy, and unto the neighbour who is of kin (unto you) and the neighbour who is not of kin, and the fellow-traveller and the wayfarer and (the slaves) whom your right hands possess.

Relevance / context: Maps duties beyond the household. The final phrase concerns the historical institution of slavery; it must not be silently replaced by “employees” in the translation. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Hujurat (49), ayah(s) 10. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): The believers are naught else than brothers. Therefore make peace between your brethren and observe your duty to Allah that haply ye may obtain mercy.

Relevance / context: Brotherhood entails active reconciliation rather than denial of real disputes. Read with the preceding verse on just settlement. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Hujurat (49), ayah(s) 11. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): neither defame one another, nor insult one another by nicknames.

Relevance / context: Direct evidence for dignity in social speech. Applying it to school, workplace or online harassment is a contemporary application, not the verse’s explicit setting. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Hujurat (49), ayah(s) 12. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O ye who believe! Shun much suspicion; for lo! some suspicion is a crime. And spy not, neither backbite one another.

Relevance / context: Protects reputation and private life. This ethical rule is not an exhaustive procedural law governing every authorized investigation. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nur (24), ayah(s) 27. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O ye who believe! Enter not houses other than your own without first announcing your presence and invoking peace upon the folk thereof. That is better for you, that ye may be heedful.

Relevance / context: Foundational evidence for domestic privacy, permission and respectful access. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Mumtahanah (60), ayah(s) 8. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo! Allah loveth the just dealers.

Relevance / context: Distinguishes peaceful relations from the hostile conduct specified in the next verse. Do not present religious difference itself as a prohibition of fair treatment. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 13; Book: Belief. Narrator: Anas ibn Malik. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: till he wishes for his (Muslim) brother what he likes for himself.

Relevance / context: The complete sentence connects this concern with faith. Use as an ethical premise, not as a detailed distribution formula. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 6005; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Sahl ibn Sa‘d. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: I and the person who looks after an orphan and provides for him, will be in Paradise like this,

Relevance / context: The full report describes the Prophet’s index and middle fingers together. It establishes the high value of sustained orphan care. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 6007; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: The one who looks after and works for a widow and for a poor person is like a warrior fighting for Allah's Cause.

Relevance / context: The quoted clause is explicit. The transmitter expresses uncertainty about additional wording comparing continuous prayer and fasting; it is not silently included here. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 6011; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Al-Nu‘man ibn Bashir. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: if any part of the body is not well then the whole body shares the sleeplessness (insomnia) and fever with it.

Relevance / context: The full narration likens believers in mutual mercy and affection to one body; this supports organized care without prescribing a particular welfare bureaucracy. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 6014; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Aisha. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Gabriel continued to recommend me about treating the neighbors Kindly and politely

Relevance / context: The continuation describes an expectation of inheritance, not a rule actually giving every neighbour an inheritance share. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 6018; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: should talk what is good or keep quiet.

Relevance / context: The report joins responsible speech, hospitality and non-injury to neighbours with faith in Allah and the Last Day. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 5971; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Your mother.

Relevance / context: In response to the question about deserving good companionship, the mother is named three times before the father. This is about companionship, not an inheritance ratio. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 5984; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Jubayr ibn Mut‘im. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: The person who severs the bond of kinship will not enter Paradise.

Relevance / context: A severe warning against severing family ties; do not turn the warning into an unsupported judgment about a named person’s final fate. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 6065; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Anas ibn Malik. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Do not hate one another, and do not be jealous of one another,

Relevance / context: The full narration additionally limits estrangement between Muslims to three days in the conduct it addresses. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 6064; Book: Good manners. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Beware of suspicion, for suspicion is the worst of false tales;

Relevance / context: The full report also prohibits fault-finding and spying. This is not a substitute for studying lawful evidentiary inquiry in judicial contexts. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2442; Book: Oppressions. Narrator: Abdullah ibn Umar. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: A Muslim is a brother of another Muslim, so he should not oppress him,

Relevance / context: The continuation adds meeting needs and relieving distress; solidarity includes action, not only declarations of fraternity. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 55; Book: Belief. Narrator: Abu Mas‘ud. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: then it is a (kind of) alms-giving in reward for him.

Relevance / context: The complete condition concerns spending on family while seeking reward. The Urdu webpage’s chain misnames the narrator; the Arabic and Sunnah.com identify Abu Mas‘ud, retained here. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Tafsir Author/body: al-Tabari Work: Jami al-Bayan Locator: Commentary on 60:8; preferred interpretation near the end

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Tabari prefers the application to all religious groups meeting the verse’s conditions and rejects the claim of abrogation. He qualifies assistance that would expose Muslims to hostile attack.

Source status: Arabic digital text checked at King Saud University’s Quran portal; no print pagination claimed.

Relevance / context: An attributed interpretive choice, not a claim that earlier exegetes never differed. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book VI: Trust and Trusteeship; Article(s) 769–770

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Keeping found property as one’s own differs from keeping it for restoration. The finder must announce the finding and return it upon proof of ownership.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: A concrete social responsibility surrounding another person’s property. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book XII: Settlement and Release; Article(s) 1531, 1539–1540, 1542

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Settlement is based on consent, but a guardian may not impose clear loss on a minor. Authority to litigate alone does not automatically include authority to settle.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Balances reconciliation with capacity, authorization and protection of vulnerable parties. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage