4. Economic system

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Nisa (4), ayah(s) 29. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O ye who believe! Squander not your wealth among yourselves in vanity, except it be a trade by mutual consent,

Relevance / context: Combines prohibition of wrongful appropriation with consent in trade. Consent alone is not proof that an otherwise prohibited transaction is lawful. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Baqarah (2), ayah(s) 275. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): whereas Allah permitteth trading and forbiddeth usury.

Relevance / context: The distinction is explicit. Classification of a particular contemporary financial product requires its contract terms and further juristic analysis. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Baqarah (2), ayah(s) 280. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): And if the debtor is in straitened circumstances, then (let there be) postponement to (the time of) ease; and that ye remit the debt as almsgiving would be better for you if ye did but know.

Relevance / context: Distinguishes respite for genuine hardship from the additional virtue of remission. It should not be confused with deliberate delay by a solvent debtor. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Baqarah (2), ayah(s) 282. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): O ye who believe! When ye contract a debt for a fixed term, record it in writing. Let a scribe record it in writing between you in (terms of) equity.

Relevance / context: Direct evidence for clarity of maturity and impartial documentation. The unquoted remainder contains qualifications on witnesses, dictation and harm to scribes or witnesses. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Tawbah (9), ayah(s) 60. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): The alms are only for the poor and the needy, and those who collect them, and those whose hearts are to be reconciled, and to free the captives and the debtors, and for the cause of Allah, and (for) the wayfarer; a duty imposed by Allah. Allah is Knower, Wise.

Relevance / context: Identifies eight recipient headings and includes collection administration. The scope of individual headings is a juristic discussion, not unrestricted discretionary expenditure. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Hashr (59), ayah(s) 7. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): That which Allah giveth as spoil unto His messenger from the people of the townships, it is for Allah and His messenger and for the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer, that it become not a commodity between the rich among you.

Relevance / context: The immediate rule concerns fay. A wider distributive principle is an interpretive extension; this is not a standalone formula for all taxation or ownership. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Mutaffifin (83), ayah(s) 1-3. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Woe unto the defrauders: Those who when they take the measure from mankind demand it full, But if they measure unto them or weight for them, they cause them loss.

Relevance / context: Three consecutive verses form one evidence unit: demanding full receipt while giving short measure. The following verses connect this conduct with resurrection and judgment. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Isra (17), ayah(s) 35. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): Fill the measure when ye measure, and weigh with a right balance; that is meet, and better in the end.

Relevance / context: A positive duty of accurate measurement, complementing the condemnation of fraud. Modern calibration and consumer-protection systems are applications. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Araf (7), ayah(s) 31. Status: identified text; contiguous excerpt.

Published English excerpt — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): and eat and drink, but be not prodigal. Lo! He loveth not the prodigals.

Relevance / context: Permits consumption while restraining excess. Specific environmental or public-budget policies are applications requiring additional analysis. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Furqan (25), ayah(s) 67. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): And those who, when they spend, are neither prodigal nor grudging; and there is ever a firm station between the two;

Relevance / context: Adds the countervailing prohibition of miserliness to restraint of excess; it is not an endorsement of deprivation. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Jumuah (62), ayah(s) 10. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): And when the prayer is ended, then disperse in the land and seek of Allah's bounty, and remember Allah much, that ye may be successful.

Relevance / context: Read after the Friday-prayer restriction on trading: lawful worldly activity and remembrance are not treated as mutually exclusive. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Qur’an Source: Surah al-Baqarah (2), ayah(s) 188. Status: identified text; complete verse(s).

Published English translation — M. M. Pickthall (Tanzil): And eat not up your property among yourselves in vanity, nor seek by it to gain the hearing of the judges that ye may knowingly devour a portion of the property of others wrongfully.

Relevance / context: Links economic wrongdoing with misuse of adjudication. An outwardly successful legal claim does not justify knowingly taking another person’s property. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Arabic & verse locator | Pickthall | Junagarhi

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2072; Book: Sales and trade. Narrator: Al-Miqdam. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Nobody has ever eaten a better meal than that which one has earned by working with one's own hands.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The continuation cites the livelihood of Prophet Dawud. It commends earning by work without prohibiting every other lawful income. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2079; Book: Sales and trade. Narrator: Hakim ibn Hizam. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: if they told lies or hid something, then the blessings of their transaction would be lost.

Relevance / context: The full report also recognizes an option before parting. Consumer-disclosure systems are an application, not the exact institutional language of the narration. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2087; Book: Sales and trade. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: The swearing (by the seller) may persuade the buyer to purchase the goods but that will be deprived of Allah's blessing.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: Provides a distinct commercial-ethics warning about persuasive oaths, rather than a quantitative claim about sales revenue. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2227; Book: Sales and trade. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: but does not pay him his wages.

Relevance / context: This clause concerns an employer who has received the labour in full. The same report condemns covenant-breaking and the sale of a free person; it is counted once only. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number | Urdu access text

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2387; Book: Loans and bankruptcy. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Whoever takes the money of the people with the intention of repaying it, Allah will repay it on his behalf,

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: Contrasts honest borrowing with intending destruction of others’ property. It does not remove a borrower’s legal obligation to repay. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2400; Book: Loans and bankruptcy. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: Procrastination (delay) in repaying debts by a wealthy person is injustice.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The qualification concerns a debtor able to pay; distinguish it from genuine hardship in Qur’an 2:280. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2320; Book: Agriculture. Narrator: Anas ibn Malik. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: and then a bird, or a person or an animal eats from it, but is regarded as a charitable gift for him.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The subject is a Muslim planting or sowing. It links productive work with benefit beyond the producer, including nonhuman life. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih Muslim, no. 1513; Book: Transactions. Narrator: Abu Hurayra. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih Muslim (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The Arabic names bay‘ al-gharar; the boundary between prohibited gharar and ordinary business risk requires juristic explanation. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih Muslim, no. 1598; Book: Musaqah. Narrator: Jabir ibn Abdullah. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih Muslim (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: They are all equal.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The complete report names the recipient, payer, scribe and two witnesses of riba. Equality here concerns the censured participation; no modern product is classified by this excerpt alone. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih Muslim, no. 1605a; Book: Musaqah. Narrator: Ma‘mar ibn Abdullah. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih Muslim (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: He who hoards is a sinner.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The source also records discussion of the narrators’ storage practices. Jurists distinguish prohibited hoarding from permissible storage; the quotation is not a ban on all inventory. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Hadith Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2737; Book: Conditions. Narrator: Abdullah ibn Umar. Grade: Sahih — included in Sahih al-Bukhari (standard Sunni classification).

Checked English excerpt — Sunnah.com: you can give the land as endowment and give its fruits in charity.

Translation limitation: published Urdu wording was not verified for this entry. The Urdu note below is editorial explanation, not a Hadith translation.

Relevance / context: The complete report identifies preserved principal, charitable yield and reasonable trustee consumption. It is one endowment precedent, not three separate references. Best use: Textual evidence / argument

Verification: Collection text & number

Category: Tafsir Author/body: Ibn Kathir Work: Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim Locator: Commentary on 59:7; opening explanation of the towns and expenditures

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ibn Kathir relates this distribution to property acquired in the manner of Banu al-Nadir, without the expedition described in the preceding verse. He identifies the designated channels as channels of fay.

Source status: Arabic digital text checked at King Saud University’s Quran portal; no print pagination claimed.

Relevance / context: Prevents treating every public receipt as legally identical to zakat or ordinary private wealth. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Tafsir Author/body: al-Qurtubi Work: al-Jami li-Ahkam al-Quran Locator: Commentary on 9:60; second issue

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Qurtubi contrasts the positions he attributes to Malik and Abu Hanifa, permitting allocation within the named categories, with al-Shafi‘i’s requirement to distribute among the categories. His discussion also distinguishes claims of Companion consensus.

Source status: Arabic digital text checked at King Saud University’s Quran portal; no print pagination claimed.

Relevance / context: Shows why a list of recipients does not by itself settle all allocation procedures. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Introduction, Part II: Maxims; Article(s) 3

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: The code directs interpretation toward contractual meaning and intention, rather than wording alone. Its example treats a sale with redemption according to its function as security.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Use to distinguish legal substance from a contractual label. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Juristic codification Author/body: Ottoman Majalla commission Work: Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah Locator: Book XI: Agency; Article(s) 1467

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Where payment is stipulated, an agent earns the agreed remuneration on fulfilment of the agency. The code separately addresses services undertaken without such an agreement.

Source status: Historical Hanafi codification; English access text hosted by IIUM. Print translator/edition not independently established. Not asserted to be current law or unanimous doctrine.

Relevance / context: Use for clear terms of professional service, not a universal rule that all unpaid work creates a wage claim. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Classical scholarship Author/body: Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun Work: Al-Muqaddimah Locator: Book I, chapter III, section 38: في الجباية وسبب قلتها وكثرتها

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ibn Khaldun argues that escalating levies can weaken incentives for production and reduce the taxable base, so a higher levy does not automatically yield more revenue.

Source status: Arabic primary text, Wikisource transcription, part III. Section numbering follows that access text; printed pagination not asserted. Historical analysis, not a Hadith or an empirical estimate for a modern economy.

Relevance / context: A historical causal argument; it specifies no universally optimal modern tax rate. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage

Category: Classical scholarship Author/body: Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun Work: Al-Muqaddimah Locator: Book I, chapter III, section 42: في أن نقص العطاء من السلطان نقص في الجباية

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: He connects withheld public payments with reduced spending, weaker markets and declining receipts, emphasizing circulation between the authority and the population.

Source status: Arabic primary text, Wikisource transcription, part III. Section numbering follows that access text; printed pagination not asserted. Historical analysis, not a Hadith or an empirical estimate for a modern economy.

Relevance / context: Complements the tax discussion without equating his model with a modern macroeconomic theory. Best use: Example / critical analysis

Verification: Read identified source passage