C. Life, liberty and protection from abuse

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Maaida (5), 5:32

Published English — Pickthall: For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: The verse expressly reports a prescription for the Children of Israel. Its life-protecting principle is relevant, but that historical framing must be retained.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Israa (17), 17:33

Published English — Pickthall: And slay not the life which Allah hath forbidden save with right. Whoso is slain wrongfully, We have given power unto his heir, but let him not commit excess in slaying. Lo! he will be helped.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Protects life and forbids excess even where a wrongful killing has occurred. It is not permission for private vigilantism.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-An'aam (6), 6:151

Published English — Pickthall: Say: Come, I will recite unto you that which your Lord hath made a sacred duty for you: That ye ascribe no thing as partner unto Him and that ye do good to parents, and that ye slay not your children because of penury - We provide for you and for them - and that ye draw not nigh to lewd things whether open or concealed. And that ye slay not the life which Allah hath made sacred, save in the course of justice. This He hath command you, in order that ye may discern.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Places child-killing and unlawful killing among foundational prohibitions, alongside duties to parents.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah At-Takwir (81), 81:8-9

Published English — Pickthall: [81:8] And when the girl-child that was buried alive is asked [81:9] For what sin she was slain,

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: The victim is asked for what offence she was killed; the passage condemns rather than normalises the killing of girls.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqara (2), 2:256

Published English — Pickthall: There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is henceforth distinct from error. And he who rejecteth false deities and believeth in Allah hath grasped a firm handhold which will never break. Allah is Hearer, Knower.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Direct evidence against compulsion into religion. Historical apostasy doctrines and modern religious-liberty questions require separate juristic analysis.

Best use: Argument

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Cross-references: 039, 170

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Yunus (10), 10:99

Published English — Pickthall: And if thy Lord willed, all who are in the earth would have believed together. Wouldst thou (Muhammad) compel men until they are believers?

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: The rhetorical question rejects compelling all people to become believers.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Mumtahana (60), 60:8-9

Published English — Pickthall: [60:8] Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo! Allah loveth the just dealers. [60:9] Allah forbiddeth you only those who warred against you on account of religion and have driven you out from your homes and helped to drive you out, that ye make friends of them. Whosoever maketh friends of them - (All) such are wrong-doers.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Distinguishes non-belligerent people from those who fight and expel; keep both verses to preserve that distinction.

Best use: Argument

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Cross-references: 038, 136

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:75

Published English — Pickthall: How should ye not fight for the cause of Allah and of the feeble among men and of the women and the children who are crying: Our Lord! Bring us forth from out this town of which the people are oppressors! Oh, give us from thy presence some protecting friend! Oh, give us from Thy presence some defender!

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Explicitly identifies vulnerable men, women and children. The wartime setting is not a licence for unauthorised private violence.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Balad (90), 90:12-17

Published English — Pickthall: [90:12] Ah, what will convey unto thee what the Ascent is! - [90:13] (It is) to free a slave, [90:14] And to feed in the day of hunger. [90:15] An orphan near of kin, [90:16] Or some poor wretch in misery, [90:17] And to be of those who believe and exhort one another to perseverance and exhort one another to pity.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Connects emancipation with feeding vulnerable people and mutual mercy. It addresses slavery’s historical existence, not a claim that it never existed.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Noor (24), 24:33

Published English — Pickthall: And let those who cannot find a match keep chaste till Allah give them independence by His grace. And such of your slaves as seek a writing (of emancipation), write it for them if ye are aware of aught of good in them, and bestow upon them of the wealth of Allah which He hath bestowed upon you. Force not your slave-girls to whoredom that ye may seek enjoyment of the life of the world, if they would preserve their chastity. And if one force them, then (unto them), after their compulsion, lo! Allah will be Forgiving, Merciful.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Contains both emancipation-contract guidance and a ban on forcing enslaved women into prostitution; historical status distinctions must not be concealed.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Jizyah and truces, no. 3166

Narrator: ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAmr

Checked published English excerpt: “Whoever killed a person having a treaty with the Muslims, shall not smell the smell of Paradise”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The report expressly concerns a muʿahad, a person protected by covenant. Modern citizenship applications require an additional legal argument.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Virtue, good manners and kinship, no. 2613a

Narrator: Hisham ibn Hakim ibn Hizam

Checked published English excerpt: “Allah would punish those who torment people in this world (without any genuine reason).”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Hisham cited this teaching when he saw people exposed to the sun in a tax-collection context: an authenticated precedent of objection to mistreatment.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Belief, no. 30

Narrator: Abu Dharr, through al-Maʿrur

Checked published English excerpt: “Your slaves are your brothers and Allah has put them under your command.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The report rebukes abuse of a person’s mother and requires food, clothing and assistance for enslaved dependants. It regulates a historical institution rather than claiming it never existed.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Oaths, no. 1659a

Narrator: Abu Masʿud al-Badri

Checked published English excerpt: “verily Allah has more dominance upon you than you have upon your slave.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The Prophet intervened as Abu Masʿud beat an enslaved person. This particular narration records his undertaking not to beat a servant again.

Best use: Argument / example

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Category: Tafsir

Source: al-Tabari, Jamiʿ al-Bayan, on 60:8, preferred interpretation after the competing views

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Tabari prefers extending kindness and equity to people of all religious groups who fit the non-hostile description. He rejects the claim that this permission is abrogated, while excluding assistance that strengthens hostile forces.

Access and verification: Original Arabic commentary transcribed by King Saud University’s Ayat project; verse/section locator used, not the displayed mushaf page number.

Relevance / context: Supplies an explicit classical argument for the scope and continued validity of the verse.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Tafsir

Source: al-Qurtubi, al-Jamiʿ li-Ahkam al-Qur’an, on 2:256, issues 1–2

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Qurtubi identifies din here with belief or religious adherence and records six interpretations of the verse, including an abrogation claim. The text itself therefore documents interpretive disagreement.

Access and verification: Original Arabic commentary transcribed by King Saud University’s Ayat project; verse/section locator used, not the displayed mushaf page number.

Relevance / context: Do not present every classical interpreter as endorsing one modern theory of religious liberty.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Scholarly / juristic study

Source: Sayyid Abu al-Aʿla Maududi, Insan ke Bunyadi Huquq, section: تحفظِ ناموس خواتین

Quotation limit: The original Urdu quotation is reproduced opposite; a published English translation was not verified. The following is a separate paraphrase.

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Maududi argues that women’s sexual inviolability must be respected irrespective of their religion or whether their community is friendly or hostile.

Access and verification: Original Urdu Unicode passage on Read Maududi, which acknowledges access through Islamic Publications, Lahore; printed edition and pages not verified.

Relevance / context: An explicitly universalising modern Muslim position.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Scholarly / juristic study

Source: Kecia Ali, “Honor Killings, Illicit Sex, & Islamic Law”, Feminist Sexual Ethics Project, Brandeis University; revised 10 June 2003

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ali argues that mere suspicion cannot justify killing and that proof and public adjudication cannot be replaced by a relative’s anger. She also criticises social and legal traditions that intensify scrutiny of women’s conduct.

Access and verification: The identified English passage was inspected online; both columns below paraphrase it, rather than reproduce a published translation.

Relevance / context: Use the legal-ethical argument, not this 2003 essay as present-day prevalence data.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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