D. Justice, reputation and privacy

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:135

Published English — Pickthall: O ye who believe! Be ye staunch in justice, witnesses for Allah, even though it be against yourselves or (your) parents or (your) kindred, whether (the case be of) a rich man or a poor man, for Allah is nearer unto both (them ye are). So follow not passion lest ye lapse (from truth) and if ye lapse or fall away, then lo! Allah is ever Informed of what ye do.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Requires truthful justice regardless of family connection or the parties’ wealth and poverty.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Maaida (5), 5:8

Published English — Pickthall: O ye who believe! Be steadfast witnesses for Allah in equity, and let not hatred of any people seduce you that ye deal not justly. Deal justly, that is nearer to your duty. Observe your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah is Informed of what ye do.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Forbids hatred of a people from causing injustice.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:58

Published English — Pickthall: Lo! Allah commandeth you that ye restore deposits to their owners, and, if ye judge between mankind, that ye judge justly. Lo! comely is this which Allah admonisheth you. Lo! Allah is ever Hearer, Seer.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Links returning trusts to their owners with judging justly between people.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-An'aam (6), 6:164

Published English — Pickthall: Say: Shall I seek another than Allah for Lord, when He is Lord of all things? Each soul earneth only on its own account, nor doth any laden bear another's load. Then unto your Lord is your return and He will tell you that wherein ye differed.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Personal moral responsibility is explicit; family or collective punishment cannot simply be inferred from kinship.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Hujuraat (49), 49:11

Published English — Pickthall: O ye who believe! Let not a folk deride a folk who may be better than they (are), not let women (deride) women who may be better than they are; neither defame one another, nor insult one another by nicknames. Bad is the name of lewdness after faith. And whoso turneth not in repentance, such are evil-doers.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Separately mentions men and women in prohibiting ridicule, then prohibits mutual defamation and offensive nicknames.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Hujuraat (49), 49:12

Published English — Pickthall: O ye who believe! Shun much suspicion; for lo! some suspicion is a crime. And spy not, neither backbite one another. Would one of you love to eat the flesh of his dead brother? Ye abhor that (so abhor the other)! And keep your duty (to Allah). Lo! Allah is Relenting, Merciful.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Provides three distinct protections relevant to reputation and private life.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Noor (24), 24:4

Published English — Pickthall: And those who accuse honourable women but bring not four witnesses, scourge them (with) eighty stripes and never (afterward) accept their testimony - They indeed are evil-doers -

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Concerns accusations against chaste women and the prescribed four-witness standard; do not generalise this into the proof rule for every kind of offence.

Best use: Argument

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Cross-references: 061, 041

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Noor (24), 24:23

Published English — Pickthall: Lo! as for those who traduce virtuous, believing women (who are) careless, cursed are they in the world and the Hereafter. Theirs will be an awful doom

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: States the gravity of slandering unsuspecting believing women.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Noor (24), 24:27-28

Published English — Pickthall: [24:27] O ye who believe! Enter not houses other than your own without first announcing your presence and invoking peace upon the folk thereof. That is better for you, that ye may be heedful. [24:28] And if ye find no-one therein, still enter not until permission hath been given. And if it be said unto you: Go away again, then go away, for it is purer for you. Allah knoweth what ye do.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Protects domestic privacy, including the obligation to withdraw when refused entry.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Ahzaab (33), 33:58

Published English — Pickthall: And those who malign believing men and believing women undeservedly, they bear the guilt of slander and manifest sin.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Explicitly joins both sexes in condemning undeserved injury and slander.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Oppressions, no. 2444

Narrator: Anas ibn Malik

Checked published English excerpt: “By preventing him from oppressing others.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The answer explains how helping an oppressor means restraining the oppression, not supporting partisan wrongdoing.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Oppressions, no. 2449

Narrator: Abu Hurayra

Checked published English excerpt: “Whoever has oppressed another person concerning his reputation or anything else, he should beg him to forgive him”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Personal wrongs require settlement with the injured person; repentance must not be used to erase another person’s claim.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Virtue, good manners and kinship, no. 2581

Narrator: Abu Hurayra

Checked published English excerpt: “since he hurled abuses upon others, brought calumny against others and unlawfully consumed the wealth of others”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The account of the bankrupt worshipper links accountability to insults, calumny, property violations and bodily harm.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Hudud, no. 6788

Narrator: ʿA’isha

Checked published English excerpt: “if a noble person committed theft, they used to leave him”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The Makhzumi woman’s case rejects selective enforcement favouring the powerful. Punishment is a judicial matter with legal conditions, not a licence for private violence.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Judicial Decisions, no. 1713a

Narrator: Umm Salama

Checked published English excerpt: “if I slice off anything for him from the right of his brother, he should not accept that”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Eloquence may mislead adjudication; outward success in litigation does not transform a knowingly false entitlement into a moral right.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Judicial Decisions, no. 1711a

Narrator: Ibn ʿAbbas

Checked published English excerpt: “If the people were given according to their claims, they would claim the lives of persons and their properties”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The complete report assigns the oath to the defendant. It safeguards life and property against mere allegations.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Virtue, good manners and kinship, no. 2589

Narrator: Abu Hurayra

Checked published English excerpt: “Backbiting implies your talking about your brother in a manner which he does not like.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The remaining dialogue distinguishes a true but unwelcome disclosure from a false accusation; both can violate reputation.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Marriage, no. 1437a

Narrator: Abu Saʿid al-Khudri

Checked published English excerpt: “the men who goes to his wife and she comes to him, and then he divulges her secret.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The report strongly condemns disclosure of a wife’s intimate secret. The source’s grammatical wording is retained without silent correction.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Government, no. 1827

Narrator: ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAmr (confirmed from the Arabic text)

Checked published English excerpt: “those who do justice in their rules, in matters relating to their families and in all that they undertake to do.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Justice is praised in adjudication, family matters and other responsibilities. The Arabic identifies Ibn ʿAmr; the English heading’s Ibn ʿUmar is a transcription discrepancy.

Best use: Argument / example

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Category: Tafsir

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-ʿAzim, on 24:4, opening legal explanation

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Although the verse uses a feminine expression, Ibn Kathir states that accusing a protected man also attracts the corresponding legal rule. He lists punishment, rejection of testimony and loss of probity.

Access and verification: Original Arabic commentary transcribed by King Saud University’s Ayat project; verse/section locator used, not the displayed mushaf page number.

Relevance / context: Clarifies the juristic extension beyond the verse’s grammatical feminine form.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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