E. Property, earnings and inheritance

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:4

Published English — Pickthall: And give unto the women (whom ye marry) free gift of their marriage portions; but if they of their own accord remit unto you a part thereof, then ye are welcome to absorb it (in your wealth).

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: The marriage payment is due to the woman; relinquishment must be voluntary.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:7

Published English — Pickthall: Unto the men (of a family) belongeth a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, and unto the women a share of that which parents and near kindred leave, whether it be little or much - a legal share.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Establishes a prescribed inheritance entitlement for women as well as men, whether the estate is large or small.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:11

Published English — Pickthall: Allah chargeth you concerning (the provision for) your children: to the male the equivalent of the portion of two females, and if there be women more than two, then theirs is two-thirds of the inheritance, and if there be one (only) then the half. And to each of his parents a sixth of the inheritance, if he have a son; and if he have no son and his parents are his heirs, then to his mother appertaineth the third; and if he have brethren, then to his mother appertaineth the sixth, after any legacy he may have bequeathed, or debt (hath been paid). Your parents and your children: Ye know not which of them is nearer unto you in usefulness. It is an injunction from Allah. Lo! Allah is Knower, Wise.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: The two-to-one rule applies to specified children’s shares; the same verse gives each parent one sixth in a specified case. Avoid saying all women always inherit half.

Best use: Critical analysis

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Cross-references: 065, 076

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:12

Published English — Pickthall: And unto you belongeth a half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child then unto you the fourth of that which they leave, after any legacy they may have bequeathed, or debt (they may have contracted, hath been paid). And unto them belongeth the fourth of that which ye leave if ye have no child, but if ye have a child then the eighth of that which ye leave, after any legacy ye may have bequeathed, or debt (ye may have contracted, hath been paid). And if a man or a woman have a distant heir (having left neither parent nor child), and he (or she) have a brother or a sister (only on the mother's side) then to each of them twain (the brother and the sister) the sixth, and if they be more than two, then they shall be sharers in the third, after any legacy that may have been bequeathed or debt (contracted) not injuring (the heirs by willing away more than a third of the heritage) hath been paid. A commandment from Allah. Allah is Knower, Indulgent.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Differentiates spouses’ shares by surviving children and sets rules for maternal siblings; the estate is subject to the stated debts and bequests.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:32

Published English — Pickthall: And covet not the thing in which Allah hath made some of you excel others. Unto men a fortune from that which they have earned, and unto women a fortune from that which they have earned. (Envy not one another) but ask Allah of His bounty. Lo! Allah is ever Knower of all things.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Explicitly attributes acquisition to each sex. The translations reflect interpretive differences between earnings and recompense; neither wording should be silently harmonised.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:2

Published English — Pickthall: Give unto orphans their wealth. Exchange not the good for the bad (in your management thereof) nor absorb their wealth into your own wealth. Lo! that would be a great sin.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Commands restoration of orphan property and prohibits its dishonest substitution or absorption.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:6

Published English — Pickthall: Prove orphans till they reach the marriageable age; then, if ye find them of sound judgment, deliver over unto them their fortune; and devour it not by squandering and in haste lest they should grow up Whoso (of the guardians) is rich, let him abstain generously (from taking of the property of orphans); and whoso is poor let him take thereof in reason (for his guardianship). And when ye deliver up their fortune unto orphans, have (the transaction) witnessed in their presence. Allah sufficeth as a Reckoner.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Requires testing sound judgment before returning orphan property and recording the transfer; it is not merely a biological-age rule.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:10

Published English — Pickthall: Lo! Those who devour the wealth of orphans wrongfully, they do but swallow fire into their bellies, and they will be exposed to burning flame.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: A strong sanction against exploitation of a person whose property is held by another.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:29

Published English — Pickthall: O ye who believe! Squander not your wealth among yourselves in vanity, except it be a trade by mutual consent, and kill not one another. Lo! Allah is ever Merciful unto you.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Prohibits wrongful consumption of wealth and gives mutual consent a place in trade, alongside protection of life.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqara (2), 2:188

Published English — Pickthall: And eat not up your property among yourselves in vanity, nor seek by it to gain the hearing of the judges that ye may knowingly devour a portion of the property of others wrongfully.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Forbids using access to authorities to consume another person’s wealth wrongfully.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Sales and Trade, no. 2227

Narrator: Abu Hurayra

Checked published English excerpt: “And one who employs a laborer and gets the full work done by him but does not pay him his wages.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The same hadith qudsi also condemns selling a free person and consuming the price. These complementary protections are one evidence entry.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Wedlock, Marriage, no. 5224

Narrator: Asma’ bint Abi Bakr

Checked published English excerpt: “I used to carry the date stones on my head from Zubair's land”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Asma’ describes substantial labour, an offered ride, and later relief through assistance. A narrated practice must not be transformed without argument into a universal legal obligation upon wives.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Merits of the Companions, no. 2452

Narrator: ʿA’isha

Checked published English excerpt: “as she used to work with her hand and Spend (that income) on charity.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: ʿA’isha explains Zaynab bint Jahsh’s generosity through work and charitable spending. The excerpt is the narrator’s explanation within the report, not direct Prophetic speech.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Zakah, no. 1466

Narrator: Zaynab, wife of ʿAbd Allah ibn Masʿud, through ʿAmr ibn al-Harith

Checked published English excerpt: “One for helping relatives, and the other for giving Zakat.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Zaynab’s question concerns charitable spending on her husband and orphans. The accessed English renders sadaqa as Zakat here; the juristic classification of the payment requires separate treatment.

Best use: Argument / example

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Category: Tafsir

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-ʿAzim, on 4:7–10, opening inheritance discussion

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ibn Kathir describes earlier exclusion of women and children, and distinguishes inclusion in inheritance from differences in shares arising from the relationship to the deceased.

Access and verification: English abridgment on Quran.com inspected; not a collation with an unabridged Arabic edition.

Relevance / context: Prevents equating recognition of a right with identical numerical allocation in all cases.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Tafsir

Source: al-Qurtubi, al-Jamiʿ li-Ahkam al-Qur’an, on 4:6, issue 2

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: The commentary gives practical tests of management for boys and girls before property is handed over. Its gendered examples belong to its social setting, but both are assessed for responsible management.

Access and verification: Original Arabic commentary transcribed by King Saud University’s Ayat project; verse/section locator used, not the displayed mushaf page number.

Relevance / context: Financial capacity is examined rather than inferred merely from an orphan’s ownership.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Tafsir

Source: al-Qurtubi, al-Jamiʿ li-Ahkam al-Qur’an, on 4:4, issues 1 and 3

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Qurtubi records whether the command addresses husbands or guardians and explains nihla through gift, obligation and willing payment. The guardian-address reading responds to guardians’ appropriation of dower.

Access and verification: Original Arabic commentary transcribed by King Saud University’s Ayat project; verse/section locator used, not the displayed mushaf page number.

Relevance / context: Helps distinguish mahr paid to the woman from payments demanded by her relatives.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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