F. Marriage, consent and mutual treatment

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Ar-Room (30), 30:21

Published English — Pickthall: And of His signs is this: He created for you helpmeets from yourselves that ye might find rest in them, and He ordained between you love and mercy. Lo! herein indeed are portents for folk who reflect.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Presents affection and mercy as features of the marital relation; it is a normative text, not proof that every marriage fulfils that ideal.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqara (2), 2:187

Published English — Pickthall: It is made lawful for you to go in unto your wives on the night of the fast. They are raiment for you and ye are raiment for them. Allah is Aware that ye were deceiving yourselves in this respect and He hath turned in mercy toward you and relieved you. So hold intercourse with them and seek that which Allah hath ordained for you, and eat and drink until the white thread becometh distinct to you from the black thread of the dawn. Then strictly observe the fast till nightfall and touch them not, but be at your devotions in the mosques. These are the limits imposed by Allah, so approach them not. Thus Allah expoundeth His revelation to mankind that they may ward off (evil).

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: The reciprocal garment metaphor appears within Ramadan’s marital-intimacy regulations.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:19

Published English — Pickthall: O ye who believe! It is not lawful for you forcibly to inherit the women (of your deceased kinsmen), nor (that) ye should put constraint upon them that ye may take away a part of that which ye have given them, unless they be guilty of flagrant lewdness. But consort with them in kindness, for if ye hate them it may happen that ye hate a thing wherein Allah hath placed much good.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Forbids inheriting women against their will and commands kind companionship. Keep its qualifications and historical practice in view.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:20-21

Published English — Pickthall: [4:20] And if ye wish to exchange one wife for another and ye have given unto one of them a sum of money (however great), take nothing from it. Would ye take it by the way of calumny and open wrong? [4:21] How can ye take it (back) after one of you hath gone in unto the other, and they have taken a strong pledge from you?

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Protects the transferred payment when a husband replaces a wife and describes marriage as a solemn covenant.

Best use: Argument

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Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:34

Published English — Pickthall: Men are in charge of women, because Allah hath made the one of them to excel the other, and because they spend of their property (for the support of women). So good women are the obedient, guarding in secret that which Allah hath guarded. As for those from whom ye fear rebellion, admonish them and banish them to beds apart, and scourge them. Then if they obey you, seek not a way against them. Lo! Allah is ever High, Exalted, Great.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Full wording retained because its hierarchy and disciplinary language are contested. Read with 4:35 and the Prophetic non-striking reports; do not conceal either the text or interpretive disagreement.

Best use: Critical analysis

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Cross-references: 089, 092, 100, 162

Original Arabic • complete verse(s)

Category: Qur’an

Source: Qur’an, Surah An-Nisaa (4), 4:35

Published English — Pickthall: And if ye fear a breach between them twain (the man and wife), appoint an arbiter from his folk and an arbiter from her folk. If they desire amendment Allah will make them of one mind. Lo! Allah is ever Knower, Aware.

Verification: Identified digital Arabic and published translations checked; source versions are recorded in the access register.

Relevance / context: Requires representatives from both sides in the described marital breach; supports structured reconciliation rather than unilateral pressure.

Best use: Argument

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Cross-references: 099

Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Wedlock, Marriage, no. 5138

Narrator: Khansa bint Khidam al-Ansariyya

Checked published English excerpt: “So she went to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and he declared that marriage invalid.”

Urdu source: Hafiz ʿAbd al-Sattar Hammad; Darussalam, via Mohaddis.com

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The complainant was previously married. The report establishes an actual remedy; its extension to other marriage categories is a juristic question.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Supporting the Family, no. 5363

Narrator: ʿA’isha, through al-Aswad ibn Yazid

Checked published English excerpt: “He used to work for his family”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: An authenticated household example counters the assumption that domestic assistance necessarily diminishes a man’s dignity.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Wedlock, Marriage, no. 5136

Narrator: Abu Hurayra

Checked published English excerpt: “a virgin should not be given in marriage except after her permission.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The report requires consultation or permission and recognises a maiden’s silence as a form of assent. Silence produced by threats must not simply be equated with willing consent.

Best use: Argument / example

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Cross-references: 085, 102, 103

Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Wedlock, Marriage, no. 5151

Narrator: ʿUqba

Checked published English excerpt: “The stipulations most entitled to be abided by”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The whole sentence concerns conditions enabling marital intimacy. Which specific stipulations are enforceable differs across juristic doctrines.

Best use: Argument / example

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Cross-references: 104

Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Virtues, no. 2328a

Narrator: ʿA’isha

Checked published English excerpt: “Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) never beat anyone with his hand, neither a woman nor a servant”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: ʿA’isha reports the Prophet’s conduct; the complete report separately mentions fighting in Allah’s cause. This practical precedent must be distinguished from the juristic interpretation of Qur’an 4:34.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Wedlock, Marriage, no. 5204

Narrator: ʿAbd Allah ibn Zamʿa

Checked published English excerpt: “None of you should flog his wife as he flogs a slave”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The complete sentence challenges the contradiction between severe beating and subsequent intimacy. Its historical comparison does not justify mistreating enslaved people; see the separate anti-abuse reports.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sunan Abi Dawud, Marriage, no. 2142

Narrator: Muʿawiya al-Qushayri

Checked published English excerpt: “do not strike her on the face, do not revile her or separate yourself from her except in the house.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Hasan Sahih: al-Albani, as displayed by Sunnah.com.

Relevance / context: The answer to a question about a wife’s rights also includes food and clothing. The excerpt prohibits facial blows and verbal degradation; it is not an unrestricted permission to use force.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sunan Abi Dawud, Marriage, no. 2146

Narrator: Iyas ibn ʿAbd Allah ibn Abi Dhubab

Checked published English excerpt: “They (those husbands who take to beating their wives) are not the best among you.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: al-Albani, as displayed by Sunnah.com.

Relevance / context: The full report records an initial prohibition, ʿUmar’s intervention, permission, women’s complaints, and this criticism. Quoting only the permission or only the final criticism would conceal that sequence.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Jamiʿ al-Tirmidhi, Suckling, no. 1162

Narrator: Abu Hurayra

Checked published English excerpt: “And the best of you are those who are best to your women.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Hasan: Darussalam grading on the accessed page; al-Tirmidhi himself calls this report hasan sahih. Parallel 3895 is displayed as Sahih (Darussalam).

Relevance / context: The report links mature faith with good character and treatment of women. A complementary wording from ʿA’isha is al-Tirmidhi 3895; that parallel is not counted again.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Suckling, no. 1468b

Narrator: Abu Hurayra

Checked published English excerpt: “A believing man should not hate a believing woman; if he dislikes one of her characteristics, he will be pleased with another.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The counsel resists reducing a spouse to one disliked trait. It does not state that a person must remain in danger or waive a claim against abuse.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Wedlock, Marriage; chapter 80; in-book 67:120, no. 5185–5186

Narrator: Abu Hurayra

Checked published English excerpt: “And I advise you to take care of the women, for they are created from a rib”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: The full report uses the image of a rib and warns that attempting to straighten it breaks it. Distinguish the actual exhortation to care from later literal or figurative interpretation.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Belief, no. 56

Narrator: Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas

Checked published English excerpt: “even if it were a morsel which you put in your wife's mouth.”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Dr Muhammad Muhsin Khan, as displayed on Sunnah.com; checked excerpt only.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: Spending for Allah’s pleasure includes this intimate act of care. The moral reward complements, rather than replaces, the enforceable maintenance claims in other evidence.

Best use: Argument / example

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Original Arabic • checked excerpt

Category: Hadith

Source: Sahih Muslim, Virtue, good manners and kinship, no. 2594a

Narrator: ʿA’isha

Checked published English excerpt: “Kindness is not to be found in anything but that it adds to its beauty”

Translation limit: A published Urdu translation was not verified; the Urdu column retains citation, grading and a relevance note.

English source: Established English wording on Sunnah.com; individual translator not confirmed from this entry.

Status: Sahih: included in the named Sahih collection; collection-level classification, not a new chain study.

Relevance / context: A general ethical principle relevant to household communication and treatment of dependants. Applying it to a specific legal dispute is an application, not the report’s stated setting.

Best use: Argument / example

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Category: Tafsir

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-ʿAzim, on 4:19–22, “Meaning of Inheriting Women Against Their Will” and “Women Should not Be Treated with Harshness”

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ibn Kathir explains a practice of male relatives controlling a deceased man’s widow and condemns coercing a wife to return dower or relinquish rights. His discussion also records differing interpretations of the fahisha exception.

Access and verification: English abridgment on Quran.com inspected; not a collation with an unabridged Arabic edition.

Relevance / context: Historical explanation and the stated exception must be kept together.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Tafsir

Source: Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-ʿAzim, on 4:35, “Appointing Two Arbitrators…”

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: The commentary describes judicial referral and investigation of wrongs. It records disagreement over whether arbitrators may bind spouses to separation without appointment as their agents.

Access and verification: English abridgment on Quran.com inspected; not a collation with an unabridged Arabic edition.

Relevance / context: Distinguishes the Qur’anic direction to arbitrate from disputed procedural powers.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Tafsir

Source: al-Qurtubi, al-Jamiʿ li-Ahkam al-Qur’an, on 4:34, issues 8–10

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Qurtubi retains a physical-discipline interpretation after admonition and bed separation, restricts it against injury, and states liability if it causes death. He also forbids further aggression after compliance and recalls God’s greater power.

Access and verification: Original Arabic commentary transcribed by King Saud University’s Ayat project; verse/section locator used, not the displayed mushaf page number.

Relevance / context: Report this historical interpretation accurately; do not portray it as a modern non-physical reading or as unlimited permission.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Tafsir

Source: al-Qurtubi, al-Jamiʿ li-Ahkam al-Qur’an, on 2:232, issues 1–2

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Al-Qurtubi uses the Maʿqil incident to support a guardian’s role while requiring the woman’s agreement. He also records the Hanafi inference from the verse that a woman can contract her own marriage.

Access and verification: Original Arabic commentary transcribed by King Saud University’s Ayat project; verse/section locator used, not the displayed mushaf page number.

Relevance / context: One primary text is used in different juristic arguments; do not conceal the disagreement.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Exact original-language scholarly quotation

Category: Scholarly / juristic study

Source: Ibn Rushd, Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al-Muqtasid, Kitab al-Nikah, chapter 2, first pillar, second issue: whose consent is required

Quotation status: The Arabic quotation above is exact; the following is a compiler’s paraphrase, not its published translation.

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ibn Rushd records broad agreement on the adult previously married woman’s consent, apart from an attributed exception, but disagreement about an adult virgin. He contrasts paternal compulsion in Maliki/Shafiʿi views with Abu Hanifa’s requirement of her consent.

Access and verification: Original Arabic work, in a digital transcription; no edition-specific pagination claimed.

Relevance / context: Prevents turning one school’s position into unanimous classical law; this is historical jurisprudence, not current marriage-law advice.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Scholarly / juristic study

Source: Ibn Rushd, Bidayat al-Mujtahid, Kitab al-Nikah, chapter 2, second pillar, guardians, first issue: necessity of wilaya

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ibn Rushd contrasts the guardian requirement with the Hanafi allowance of a woman’s self-contracted marriage to a suitable spouse. He evaluates the competing scriptural inferences rather than treating the issue as settled by one unambiguous verse.

Access and verification: Original Arabic work, in a digital transcription; no edition-specific pagination claimed.

Relevance / context: Use beside consent evidence: a guardian’s role and the bride’s agreement are related but distinct legal questions.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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Category: Scholarly / juristic study

Source: Kecia Ali, “Marriage Contracts in Islamic Jurisprudence”, Feminist Sexual Ethics Project, Brandeis University; revised 19 June 2003

Scholarly position / paraphrased argument: Ali distinguishes a moral ideal of marriage from juristic contract rules. She describes differing recognition of stipulations against relocation or further marriage, with wider Hanbali recognition, and the separate mechanism of delegated divorce.

Access and verification: The identified English passage was inspected online; both columns below paraphrase it, rather than reproduce a published translation.

Relevance / context: Her school-level summary is not a survey of present national laws; enforceability must not be assumed.

Best use: Critical analysis / interpretation

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